Differences

This shows you the differences between two versions of the page.

--- start [2026/11/11 00:34] – [Events] roblow
+++ start [2026/11/11 03:22] (current) – roblow
@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 ====== Welcome To The Wiki That Focuses On The History Of The Southeastern U.S, From the 1700's to the Unpleasantness ======
+----
  ===== Main Areas Of Concentration =====
 ==== PEOPLE ====
@@ Line 12: / Line 14: @@
 [[Events|Events]] that transformed the people and places
+==== REFERENCES ====
+[[References|References]] Sources for further learning about the history of the region
-=== Journey Through The Piney Woods===
-This page collects the biographical sketches and related historical notes prepared for //A Trip Through the Piney Woods//. The entries include Mississippi Territory officials, people associated with the Burr affair, and residents of the Piney Woods.
-The text follows the manuscript. Editorial notes identify selected discrepancies within the source.
-===== Robert Huntington Adams =====
-//Manuscript heading: R. H. Adams//
-  * **Born:** 30 Apr 1792 Rockbridge Co., VA
-  * **Died:** 6 Jan 1860 [[Natchez, MS|Natchez, MS]]
-  * **Buried:** Natchez City Cemetery, Natchez MS
-//Editorial note: The manuscript gives two death dates. The entry heading lists January 6, 1860, while the biography gives July 2, 1830.//
-Robert Huntington Adams was apprenticed as a barrel maker in Rockbridge County before graduating from Washington College (now Washington and Lee University) in 1806. He studied law, began practicing in Knoxville, Tennessee, briefly lived in Nashville, and then moved to Natchez, Mississippi. In the frontier city of Natchez, he became a prominent attorney and politician. In 1828, Adams was elected to the Mississippi House of Representatives for the Natchez district.
-Adams, a Jacksonian, became a state representative and was unexpectedly chosen to fill [[#thomas_b_reed|Thomas B. Reed]]'s, vacant seat, narrowly winning the legislative vote. Sworn in on January 6, 1830, Adams served in Washington, D.C. until returning to Mississippi in May. Shortly after his return, he died suddenly in Natchez on July 2, 1830, at age 38. He was regarded as a talented orator whose career could have flourished had he lived longer.
-//Source: Journey Through The Piney Woods, PDF p. 1.//
-===== Isaac Anderson =====
-//Manuscript heading: Isaac Anderson Esq.//
-  * **Born:** on October 10, 1785. Granville, NC
-  * **Died:** on March 3, 1871, [[Elisville, MS|Ellisville, MS]]
-  * **Buried:** Anderson-Minter Cemetery
-Isaac Anderson settled in [[Jones County, MS|Jones County]] around 1818 and became one of its wealthiest residents by the 1840s, owning 320 acres, 75 cattle, and 7 slaves. He married twice, had a total of fifteen children, and died at 85 in [[Elisville, MS|Ellisville, MS]].
-//Source: Journey Through The Piney Woods, PDF p. 3.//
-===== Henry Atkinson =====
-//Manuscript heading: Colonel Atkinson//
-  * **Born:** 1782, Caswell County (now Person Co) North Carolina
-  * **Died:** on June 14, 1842, at Jefferson Barracks in Missouri
-Henry Atkinson was born in 1782 in North Carolina and entered the U.S. Army in 1808, quickly rising through the ranks thanks to his discipline and leadership abilities. His military career unfolded against the backdrop of major national events that shaped the course of American expansion. During the War of 1812‚a conflict fought between the United States and Britain over issues including trade restrictions and territorial ambitions,Atkinson demonstrated his organizational skills and earned recognition as an effective officer. The war's conclusion left the United States eager to secure its western borders and facilitate settlement beyond the Mississippi River.
-In 1819-1820, Atkinson led the Atkinson-Long Expedition up the Missouri River, a decisive venture designed to assert U.S. presence on the frontier and protect American interests against British influence and ongoing Native resistance. The expedition resulted in the establishment of military forts, including Fort Atkinson in present-day Nebraska, which became a strategic point for overseeing fur trade and migration. Beyond military objectives, Atkinson's leadership during the journey positioned him as a central figure in the westward expansion, symbolizing the government‚Äôs commitment to pushing its boundaries and managing relations with Indigenous peoples.
-Atkinson's diplomatic skills were put to the test during this period. He negotiated peace treaties with several tribes, notably the Omaha and Otoe. These agreements helped reduce immediate hostilities, facilitated safe passage for American settlers, and set precedents for future negotiations. While some treaties provided short term peace, they also marked the beginning of a complex and often fraught era in U.S.‚ÄìNative relations, as government promises were not always honored, and Native autonomy eroded with each new wave of settlement.
-In 1832, Atkinson's reputation as a capable commander led to his appointment as the chief military leader during the Black Hawk War, a conflict rooted in the forced displacement of Native peoples. The war broke out when Black Hawk, a Sauk leader, attempted to reclaim ancestral lands in Illinois. Atkinson orchestrated the American response, commanding troops in a campaign that culminated in the Battle of Bad Axe‚Äîeffectively ending Native resistance in the Upper Mississippi Valley. The aftermath of the war saw the further removal of Native tribes from their homelands, accelerating settlement and altering the landscape of the American Midwest.
-Throughout his career, Atkinson was respected for his integrity, discipline, and ability to balance military authority with diplomatic tact. His efforts helped shape military policy and U.S. expansion in the trans-Mississippi West, leaving a legacy that extended beyond battlefield victories to the complex negotiations that defined frontier life. He died on June 14, 1842, likely of dysentery, at Jefferson Barracks in Missouri, where he was serving as commanding officer.
-//Source: Journey Through The Piney Woods, PDF pp. 5-ì6.//
-===== John Black =====
-//Manuscript heading: Judge Black//
-  * **Born:** August 11, 1800 MA
-  * **Died:** August 19, 1854, Winchester, VA
-  * **Buried:** St. Stephens Episcopal Church, Innis' Pointe Coupee Parish, LA
-John Black was born on August 11, 1800, in Massachusetts. Though originally from the North, he moved to Mississippi as a young man and quickly rose to prominence as a lawyer and judge in the early 19th century. His intellect and legal acumen led to his election to the Mississippi Supreme Court in 1826, where he helped shape early jurisprudence in the rapidly developing state. Building on his judicial reputation, Black entered the political arena when he was appointed to the United States Senate in 1832 to fill the seat vacated by Powhattan Ellis.
-Though he began his Senate career aligned with the Jacksonian Democrats, he later affiliated with the Whig Party, reflecting a shift in his political philosophy during a volatile period in American politics. He was officially elected to the Senate in 1833 and served until 1838. During his Senate tenure, Black advocated for compromise on tariff legislation, earning praise from both sides of the aisle for his balanced approach. His colleagues often remarked on his ability to foster dialogue and find common ground, a quality celebrated in Senate records and Mississippi histories alike.
-He was known for his reasoned judgments and dignified presence in both the courtroom and the Senate chamber. One
-notable example of his principled stance was his opposition to measures that threatened to increase sectional tensions, where he urged moderation and respect for constitutional processes. Remembered by contemporaries, including J.F.H. Claiborne, as an example of integrity in Mississippi's early legal system, Black left a legacy as a jurist and statesman dedicated to fairness and public service.
-After his tenure in the Senate, he pursued a career in law and subsequently relocated to Winchester, Virginia. He operated sugar plantations in Louisiana until his death on August 29, 1854, in Winchester, Virginia, at the age of 54.
-//Source: Journey Through The Piney Woods, PDF pp. 7-8.//
-===== Joseph Bowmar =====
-//Manuscript heading: Major Bowmar//
-  * **Born:** ca 1777, Tennessee
-  * **Died:** ca 1816, Louisiana
-  * **Buried:** Unknown
-Joseph Bowmar enlisted as an ensign in Tennessee's 4th Infantry in 1798 at about age 21. In 1804, he became the first commander of Fort Miro in [[Ouachita Parish, LA|Ouachita Parish]], Louisiana‚a site previously established by Don Juan Filhiol in 1791 and named for Governor Estavan Miro. The fort was the early governmental center of what is now Monroe, Louisiana.
-Bowmar was promoted to Captain in 1804, bought land from the [[Bastrop  Land Grant|Bastrop Grant]] in 1805, and married Celeste Hutchins of Natchez. After his daughter's birth in 1805, he resigned from the Army in 1806. Major Bowmar died around 1816 in Louisiana.
-//Source: Journey Through The Piney Woods, PDF p. 9.//
-===== Absalom Breland =====
-//Manuscript heading: Mr. Breeland//
-  * **Born:** 22 Jan 1790 in St. Peters Parish, Beaufort District, SC
-  * **Died:** Mar 1850 at age 60 Neely, Greene County, MS
-  * **Buried:** Absalom Breland Burial Ground
-Absalom Breland moved with his family to Mississippi by 1823. He appeared on Greene County tax records in 1824 for two slaves, again in 1831 as A. Breeland for one white poll and one slave, and in 1833 as "ABSL BREELAND" with the same taxes. His home in the Neely area was on Old Highway 24 at coordinates 31.169890 - 88.723720.
-//Source: Journey Through The Piney Woods, PDF p. 11.//
-===== Peter Bryan Bruin =====
-//Manuscript heading: Judge Bruin//
-  * **Born:** 1756 NY
-  * **Died:** 1827, Bruin Landing Plantation Claiborne Co, MS
-Peter Bryan Bruin was an early American jurist and landholder, serving as one of the initial federal judges in the Mississippi Territory. Born around 1756 in New York to a Dutch-American family, Bruin later relocated south, where he contributed to legal and political developments in the Old Southwest.
-He served in the Continental Army during the American Revolution before settling near Natchez in the Mississippi Valley, which was then Spanish territory, and acquired land in present-day Claiborne County, referred to as Bruin Landing Plantation. In 1799, President George Washington appointed him as a territorial judge for the Mississippi Territory, recently acquired by the United States. Bruin became one of three federal judges on the new superior court. As a jurist, he participated in establishing order during a period marked by frequent disputes over land titles and national claims.
-Bruin presided over various early cases in property and criminal law and worked with Governor Winthrop Sargent and other federal officials to organize governance in the area. His judicial work
-contributed to the development of Mississippi‚Äôs territorial legal system.
-He is referenced in ‚ÄúEarly Life of [[#george_poindexter|George Poindexter]],‚Äù who served as the U.S. Territorial Delegate from Mississippi in the Tenth Congress. Poindexter is noted for explaining, during the first session in 1807-1808, that a petition from Mississippi had requested Judge Bruin‚Äôs removal, describing him as an honorable but incapacitated individual.
-Bruin died in 1827 on his plantation near Natchez. His legacy remains tied to the legal institutions of early Mississippi and the transition from colonial rule to American statehood.
-//Source: Journey Through The Piney Woods, PDF pp. 13‚Äì14.//
-===== Colonel Buckhalter =====
-  * **Born:** 1781 Georgia, USA
-  * **Died:** 17 Jun 1854 (Williamsburg, Covington Co, MS
-  * **Buried:** Old Williamsburg: Williamsburg
-//Editorial note: The heading gives a birth year of 1781. The narrative describes military service in 1781, so the identity or dates need checking.//
-Lieutenant Thomas Jones Burkhalter fought in Upper Georgia campaigns against the Cherokee, and later participated in the Siege of Ninety Six (1781) under Major General Nathanael Greene. An unsuccessful attempt to capture a British Loyalist held fort at the village of Ninety-Six, SC late in the revolutionary war. Jones Burkhalter later moves to Covington County, MS and is on the 1850 census age 69 with his wife Catherine (approximately age 69) was recorded living in Covington County, Mississippi. His household included wife Catherine age 60 and sons Joshua and George ages 34 and 15. Claiborne loved giving his subjects promotions like Lt. to Colonel.
-//Source: Journey Through The Piney Woods, PDF p. 15.//
-===== Thomas Calvit =====
-  * **Born:** 1748 in NC
-  * **Died:** 1821 at the Calvit Plantation
-Thomas Calvit emerges as a notable figure‚Äîa prosperous planter whose plantation almost unwittingly became a stage in one of early America‚Äôs most sensational political dramas. After Aaron Burr was arrested at the mouth of nearby Cole‚Äôs Creek, he was brought to the Calvit Plantation where he was held under guard before being transferred to Natchez. Calvit donated the land that became Rodney, MS. Rodney lost to Natchez as the MS first capital by two votes. Later during and after the Unpleasantness of the 1860‚Äôs the MS River changed courses leaving Rodney 3 miles from the river, the railroad went through Fayette. Isolated from commerce and devasted by a fire, Rodney became a ghost town.
-//Source: Journey Through The Piney Woods, PDF p. 16.//
-===== Joshua Childs =====
-  * **Born:** ca 1785, Lincoln, MA
-  * **Died:** March 1, 1834, aged ~49
-  * **Buried:** Wintergreen Cemetery, Port Gibson, MS
-Joshua Childs, originally from Lincoln, Massachusetts, studied science before practicing law. He relocated to Mississippi around its statehood in 1817 and established a respected law practice in Natchez. Childs was appointed to the Mississippi Supreme Court in 1825 and became known for his clear and concise opinions. His tenure ended in 1831 when he resigned after an unsuccessful impeachment attempt related to alcohol use. Childs did not marry and passed away at age 49 in 1834. In 1844, Berry, a free Black man and former servant to Childs, received posthumous special legal status.
-//Source: Journey Through The Piney Woods, PDF p. 17.//
-===== Ferdinand Leigh Claiborne =====
-//Manuscript heading: Colonel F.L. Claiborne//
-  * **Born:** ca 1785, VA
-  * **Died:** 1815: Natchez,MS age 42
-  * **Buried:** Trinity Cemetery, Natchez,MS
-//Editorial note: The manuscript heading gives a birth year of about 1785, while the biography gives 1773.//
-Ferdinand Leigh Claiborne, father of the author was born in Virginia in 1773. Colonel Claiborne was an influential leader in the Mississippi Territory.
-In 1793 he served under General ‚ÄúMad‚Äù Anthony Wayne in the fighting to control the Old Northwest Territory, which later became the states in the Ohio Valley and Great Lakes Region. He rose in rank after his performance at the Battle of Falling Timbers which effectively ended the war.
-Claiborne, settled in Natchez where his brother was territorial governor managing a plantation and operating a mercantile establishment. He and his wife, Magdalene Hutchins‚Äîthe daughter of a British officer‚Äîhad seven children, one of whom was the author J.F.H. Carborne.
-During the Creek War (1813‚Äì1814), he commanded Fort Claiborne and contributed to the expansion of U.S. control in the Gulf South. Throughout this period, he financed supplies for his troops by mortgaging his Natchez estate.
-Claiborne, achieved victory over the Creek forces at Holy Grounds in what is now Alabama before returning to his Natchez plantation, known as "Soldier‚Äôs Retreat."
-He was elected to the Mississippi Territorial Legislature, briefly served as speaker of the House, and retired in 1815 due to health complications from his military campaigns. He died on March 22, 1815.
-//Source: Journey Through The Piney Woods, PDF pp. 19‚Äì20.//
-===== J F H Claiborne =====
-//Manuscript heading: J.F. H. Claiborne//
-  * **Born:** April 24, 1807, Natchez, MS
-  * **Died:** Ms17,1884, Natchez, MS
-  * **Buried:** Trinity Cemetery, Natchez, MS
-J.F.H. Claiborne the author of this adventure was born in Natchez, MS in 1807 the son Colonel [[#ferdinand_leigh_claiborne|Ferdinand Leigh Claiborne]]. His mother was Magdalene Celeste Hutchins, the daughter of Colonel Anthony Hutchins a British officer who in 1771 obtained from the crown a large tract of land near Natchez. When Col Cooper brother was appointed Governor of the new Mississippi Terrorist Ferdinand Leigh Claiborne resigned his commission and relocated to the Natchez District in 1802. That same year he married Magdalene Hutchins.
-J.F.H. Claiborne was named after a German officer, Baron John Francis Hamtramuck who served with the colonel in Wayne‚Äôs legions in the NW Territories Indians Wars ending with the Battle of Fallen Timbers.
-Claiborne was sent back to Virginia to study law with a cousin. After suffering health problems, he moved back south to resume his studies. Health problems continued so he made his first to visit to Cuba to recover in the even warmer weather.
-There is no definitive medical diagnosis recorded for Claiborne, but historians consistently describe him as having chronic poor health and a ‚Äúdelicate constitution‚Äù throughout much of his life. The biography by Franklin Riley in 1903 repeatedly refers to his ‚Äúdelicate constitution.‚Äù The best evidence is that Claiborne may have suffered from a chronic respiratory disease, ‚Äúprobably tuberculosis.‚Äù
-That theory fits several common 19th-century patterns:
-  * recurring weakness and ‚Äúpoor health‚Äù
-  * hemorrhaging (possibly coughing blood)
-  * physicians recommending warmer climates
-  * travel to Cuba for recovery
-  * intermittent inability to continue legal or political work However, no surviving physician‚Äôs diagnosis is known, and terms like ‚Äúconsumption,‚Äù ‚Äúcatarrh,‚Äù ‚Äúlung complaint,‚Äù or ‚Äúnervous exhaustion‚Äù were often used loosely in that era.
-He lived to reach the age of 77. He attributed his long-life to the fact that his delicate health compelled him to be always on his guard and to be systematic in his habits. While living in New Orleans he made it a rule "to go to bed at dark and be up with the sun."
-Owing to his delicate constitution he was never connected with any social or political club or fraternal order, and rarely attended places of public amusement. He was strictly temperate and never gambled nor witnessed a horse race. His obsession with health can be seen in this book where he is constantly remarking on the health of the Piney Woods residence.
-During the 1830s and 1840s he was associated with the expanding political world of the lower Mississippi Valley, serving at different times as a legislator, political organizer, and federal officeholder.
-In 1838 Claiborne was elected to the United States House of Representatives from Mississippi as a Democrat, serving one term in Congress from 1839 to 1841.
-After leaving Congress, Claiborne devoted increasing attention to journalism, literature, and historical research. He traveled extensively through Mississippi and the Gulf South collecting
-reminiscences, oral traditions, political stories, and frontier anecdotes from aging pioneers. This work eventually made him one of the most important early historians of Mississippi. Although modern historians sometimes criticize his romanticism and occasional inaccuracies, his works remain indispensable sources for early Mississippi history because he interviewed many individuals who had firsthand knowledge of territorial events.
-During the Civil War and Reconstruction periods, Claiborne remained a prominent southern public intellectual. Like many former southern Democrats, he struggled financially and politically after the war but continued writing historical material almost until his death. His later years were marked by declining health, though he retained a reputation as one of Mississippi‚Äôs leading literary men and historical chroniclers.
-Claiborne died in 1884. Today he is remembered chiefly as one of the foundational historians of Mississippi and the Gulf South. His career bridged politics, journalism, and historical preservation, and his writings remain central sources for scholars studying the Mississippi Territory, the Natchez District, frontier settlement, and the culture of the antebellum South.
-//Source: Journey Through The Piney Woods, PDF pp. 21‚Äì23.//
-===== Nathaniel Madison Collins =====
-  * **Born:** 30 Apr 1787 Boone County, KY -
-  * **Died:** 16 Jan 1860 (aged 72) Columbia, Marion Co., MS USA
-  * **Buried:** Cedar Grove Cemetery, Columbia, Marion Co., MS
-Nathaniel Madison Collins, known as "Whistling Nate," was a Marion County, MS pioneer who ran a tannery by the creek that now carries his name. He was the son of Frances Madison Collins, President James Madison's niece, and served as a Tennessee Mounted Gunman under General Andrew Jackson at the Battle of New Orleans.
-//Source: Journey Through The Piney Woods, PDF p. 24.//
-===== Thomas Cotton =====
-//Manuscript heading: Thomas Cotton, Esq.//
-  * **Born:** October 2, 1782
-  * **Died:** December, 15 1848
-  * **Buried:** Cotton Cemetery, Franklin Co.
-Thomas Marshall Cotton arrived in Mississippi between 1795 and 1803, marrying Lucretia Robertson. He lived in Franklin County by 1816 and served as its representative in the Mississippi House during the 1826 session. The 1850 Franklin County Census lists Thomas, described as ‚Äúidiotic,‚Äù living with his brother Willis Cotton.
-//Source: Journey Through The Piney Woods, PDF p. 26.//
-===== Henry Cox =====
-  * **Born:** 1799 Maryland
-  * **Died:** February, 18, 1849 Amite Co., MS
-  * **Buried:** Cox Cemetery Amite Co., MS
-Henry Carlton Cox was born in Maryland. His family moved to South Carolina by 1811, then to Mississippi before 1812, as shown by the territorial census. He was involved in local legal matters and is referenced in several legal documents.
-//Source: Journey Through The Piney Woods, PDF p. 28.//
-===== William Daingerfield =====
-It is unclear which Daingerfield Claiborne was referencing. Records indicate that all individuals with this surname appear to originate from Virginia.
-Genealogical notes mention a William Henry Daingerfield who served as Secretary of the Territory of Mississippi.
-Additionally, there was a William H. Daingerfield (1808‚Äì1878) who may have migrated from Virginia to Texas, later serving as mayor of San Antonio and undertaking various roles on behalf of the Republic of Texas.
-//Source: Journey Through The Piney Woods, PDF p. 30.//
-===== Samuel Dale =====
-//Manuscript heading: GENERAL DALE//
-  * **Born:** 1772 VA Boone County, KY -
-  * **Died:** May 24, 1841) Daleville Lauderdale Co.
-//Editorial note: The manuscript‚Äôs birth line lists both Virginia and Boone County, Kentucky. The narrative gives Virginia.//
-Samuel Dale was the man Daniel Boone and Davy Crockett wished they could have been. Dale was a legendary figure of the American frontier. Born in Virginia in 1772, he moved westward into Georgia and the Mississippi Territory, where he became a scout, Indian fighter, and hero of the Creek War (1813‚Äì1814).
-Dale earned national fame for his daring exploits, especially the famed Canoe Fight, in which he led a small band of men in hand-to-hand combat against Red Stick Creek warriors on the Alabama River. He also fought at Burnt Corn and Holy Ground, serving under Colonel F.L. Claiborne.
-After the war, Dale settled in Mississippi, where he served in the state legislature and helped shape the early government of Alabama as well. He was known for his courage, independence, and deep connection to the frontier communities he defended.
-Dale died on May 24, 1841, in Daleville, Mississippi, the town named in his honor.
-//Source: Journey Through The Piney Woods, PDF p. 32.//
-===== John Lewis Dantzler =====
-//Manuscript heading: John L. Dantzler//
-  * **Born:** 15 Aug 1788 in Orangeburg, SC
-  * **Died:** 17 Aug 1852 in Perry, MS
-John Lewis Dantzler arrived in Perry County in 1812 with his family of five. He was the grandson of Heinrich Henry Denzler, Zurich, Switzerland His relatives later established the Dantzler Lumber Company, which was founded in 1865 by Lorenzo Dantzler in Moss Point, Mississippi. Timber produced by the company was utilized in the construction of the original Panama Canal.
-//Source: Journey Through The Piney Woods, PDF p. 33.//
-===== John Alexander Davidson =====
-//Manuscript heading: Captain Davidson//
-  * **Born:** 1768 Mecklenburg NC 1768
-  * **Died:** Nov., 1825, Port Gibson, Claiborne Co. MS
-Captain John Alexander Davidson led the Mississippi Territory Volunteer dragoons from Jefferson County between January 12 and February 12, 1807. Dragoons were military units that rode to the engagement but dismounted and fought on foot. His unit was involved in the Burr Affair Davidson was listed on the 1805 Territorial Census in Jefferson County. Born in North Carolina he was in Jefferson County, MS by 1795 when he married Elizabeth Green a native of Natchez, MS.
-His father was Brig Gen Lee Davidson who died at the battle of Cowan‚Äôs Ford during the Revolution. One son Thomas Green Davidson settled in Springfield Louisiana and served as a U.S. Representative between 1855 and 1861.
-//Source: Journey Through The Piney Woods, PDF p. 35.//
-===== Thomas Denman =====
-//Manuscript heading: Colonel Denman//
-  * **Born:** About 1790 South Carolina
-  * **Died:** December 5, 1842 Madison Co, MS
-Thomas Denman was born in South Carolina to William and Sarah Denman. His father died in Marion County, Mississippi in 1814, an area that later became part of Pike County. Denman served in Nixon‚Äôs 13th Regiment from January 3 to April 2, 1815. The unit disbanded after the Battle of New Orleans and the end of the War of 1812 at Fordsville, Mississippi. The colonel title seems to be another social promotion by Claiborne.
-//Source: Journey Through The Piney Woods, PDF p. 37.//
-===== William Eaton =====
-//Manuscript heading: General Eaton//
-  * **Born:** February 23, 1764 Woodstock, CN
-  * **Died:** June 1,1811 Brimfield, MA
-  * **Buried:** Brimfield Cemetery, Brimfield, MA
-General William Eaton was an officer in the United States Army who first served as a sergeant in the Continental Army from 1780 to 1783. He subsequently graduated from Dartmouth College in 1790. Following his academic achievements, Eaton held the position of Clerk for the Vermont House of Representatives during 1791‚Äì1792. He returned to military service as a captain in 1792, serving until 1799. Appointed Consul General in Tunis, Eaton was unable to halt tribute payments for American vessels. However, he later played a pivotal role in leading an expedition to reinstate Tripoli's deposed ruler, successfully capturing Derna and contributing to the cessation of U.S. tribute payments. For his efforts, Eaton was recognized as a hero and awarded land in Massachusetts. He further served in the Massachusetts House of Representatives from 1807 to 1808.
-Eaton became involved in the Burr affair when Aaron Burr allegedly attempted to recruit him for his political endeavors. Eaton‚Äôs testimony provided details regarding Burr‚Äôs purported revolutionary aims and personal offers made to him. Nevertheless, no act of treason transpired, and the combination of a lack of evidence and Eaton‚Äôs diminished reputation at the time resulted in Burr‚Äôs acquittal.
-The town of Eaton, New York, bears his name in recognition of his legacy.
-//Source: Journey Through The Piney Woods, PDF pp. 38‚Äì39.//
-===== Samuel Ellis =====
-//Manuscript heading: Colonel Samuel Ellis//
-  * **Born:** 17 Dec 1792, Monticello, Jasper Co, GA
-  * **Died:** 13 July 1841 Ellisville Jones Co, MS
-Samuel Burton Ellis Jr born in Jasper County, GA was married to Jane Tresa Sims in Twiggs, GA. He was in Perry County in 1823 where a son was born and in Jones County in 1825 when a daughter was born. He is also on the 1830 census for Jones County. Ellis had an obituary in The Weekly Mississippian (Jackson, Mississippi) 13 August 1841
-‚ÄúSamuel Ellis died at his residence in Jones county on Tuesday evening the 13th . Colonel Samuel Ellis age about 45 years, after an illness of eight days. Mr. Ellis was one of the early pioneers of Mississippi and represented the county of Jones in the Legislature for nearly 14 years; and owing to his upright and honest deportment, few exercised a greater influence. Unostentatious in his manners, rigidly honest in his intercourse with his fellow-man, warm-hearted and generous among his friends and neighbors, he was emphatically the idol of the section of country in which he lived. During a long public life, he never once lost the favor of his constituents, but was always triumphantly elected to every office to which he aspired. He was followed to his grave by a large concourse of neighbors and friends, who deeply and sincerely deplore his loss‚Äù
-//Source: Journey Through The Piney Woods, PDF p. 41.//
-===== Thomas Fitzpatrick =====
-//Manuscript heading: Colonel Fitzpatrick//
-Thomas Fitzpatrick‚Äîa local militia officer in the Mississippi Territory circa 1807. According to records from the Mississippi Department of Archives and History, Colonel Thomas Fitzpatrick was based in "Green Ville"1 and acted under the authority of the territorial governor.
-He was the official who confronted Aaron Burr following Burr‚Äôs escape from arrest in early 1807.
-In a letter dated January 15, 1807, Fitzpatrick reported attempting to negotiate Burr‚Äôs surrender‚Äîalong with Burr‚Äôs request to be tried within the territory‚Äîuntil the approach of Colonel F.L. Claiborne‚Äôs force prompted him to renew the attempt at arrest, recognizing the danger posed by Burr‚Äôs party.
-Figure 1 Fitzpatrick letter concerning Burr's capture
-"Green Ville" or Greenville is not the current Greenville, MS. This now abandoned town
-was located to the south near Natchez, was the county seat for Jefferson County from 1803 to 1825
-//Source: Journey Through The Piney Woods, PDF p. 42.//
-===== Jacob Fleharty =====
-//Manuscript heading: Lt-Colonel Jacob Fleharty//
-In 1807, Lt-Colonel Jacob Fleharty was appointed to serve in the 2nd Fitzpatrick‚Äôs Militia Regiment. His presence is documented in the 1810 Claiborne County census, indicating his involvement in local affairs during this period.
-After the events surrounding Aaron Burr, Fleharty disappears from accessible public records. This suggests that his role may have been a temporary appointment, possibly connected to the specific circumstances of the Burr affair.
-It is likely that Fleharty either relocated to other developing regions such as Louisiana or Texas, or perhaps met an untimely and obscure end, as was not uncommon in those times.
-//Source: Journey Through The Piney Woods, PDF p. 43.//
-===== John Dunlap Freeman =====
-//Manuscript heading: Freeman//
-  * **Born:** 1817 Cooperstown, NY
-  * **Died:** January 17,1886 Canon City, CO
-  * **Buried:** Jackson, MS
-John Dunlap Freeman was a notable 19th century American lawyer and politician. Born in Cooperstown, NY, Freeman overcame that obstacle and became an influential figure in Mississippi‚Äôs legal and political arenas. Freeman served as Mississippi‚Äôs Attorney General and was later elected as a U.S. Representative for Mississippi, serving in Congress from 1851 to 1853.
-Known for his expertise in law, he was involved in significant legal and political matters in Mississippi during the antebellum period.
-Freeman had a professional relationship with J.F.H. Claiborne, the author of Journey Through the Piney Woods, and they collaborated on several legal and political issues.
-Seeking new challenges, Freeman moved to Colorado and settled in Canon City in 1882. He resumed the practice of his profession, until his death in 1886.
-From the Clarion-Ledger, Jackson, Miss., Jan. 19, 1886, p. 2:
-Gen. JNO. D. FREEMAN for many years prominent in the politics of this State, died at his home in Canon City, Colorado, yesterday. The first news of his illness preceded by only a few hours, the sad tidings of his death.
-Gen. FREEMAN came to Mississippi in the fall of 1835, and settled at Grand Gulf, and in 1837 was elected District Attorney. In 1841, when the Judge D. O. Shattuck was the Whig candidate for Governor, and the Hon. Tillman Tucker was the Democratic candidate, Gen. FREEMAN was the nominee of the Democratic party for the office of Attorney General. That was the memorable canvass in which the question of the repudiation of the Union Bank bonds dominated all others, and the Democratic ticket being committed to repudiation, was elected by an overwhelming majority. Gen. Freeman was re-elected Attorney General in 1845 and therefore filled two terms of four years each.
-In 1851 as the Union Democratic candidate for Congress from the Capitol District he defeated the Hon. Wm. McWillie, afterwards Governor, who was the candidate of the State Rights Democrats. He served one term only in Congress and after that devoted his time and talents to the practice of the law.
-During the reconstruction period he was Chairman of the Democratic State Central Committee when it was composed of Wiley P. Harris, T. J. Wharton, William Yerger, Amos R. Johnston, Geo. S. Potter, D. P. Porter and C. H. Manship, and conducted a successful canvass against the constitution which was submitted in 1868.
-About four years ago he moved his residence to Canon City, Colorado, the place of his death, and was an applicant with strong endorsements for the position of United States Marshal for that State under the present Administration. While Attorney-General and during his first term, Gen. Freeman married Miss Eliza Adams, the daughter of Judge George Adams, and a sister of Generals Dan and Wirt Adams. She was a woman of much culture and refinement and during the years of their prosperity, ante-dating the disasters of the war General Freeman's home was the scene of many delightful social entertainments. He was genial and generous by nature and was never happier than when surrounded by his friends beneath his hospitable roof, and he combined with his generous disposition a high order of physical courage, which made him fearless in doing the right as he understood it.
-He was a devoted Democrat. One of these men who, during a long life in success and in defeat, never harbored thought of abandoning any of the principles of the party. He gloried in the very name of Democracy, and though advanced in years during the troublous times following the war was never surpassed in enthusiasm or zeal by the youngest members of the party.
-The Clarion has lost in Gen. Freeman a life time friend, and extends to his
-bereaved family that condolence and sympathy which long acquaintance with his generous and brave nature, and a sincere admiration for his noble characteristics prompts.
-//Source: Journey Through The Piney Woods, PDF pp. 45‚Äì47.//
-===== Spence Monroe Grayson =====
-//Manuscript heading: S. M. Grayson//
-  * **Born:** 1802 Prince Edward Co. VA
-  * **Died:** 8 Aug 1839 (aged 36‚Äì37) Benton Yazoo Co , MS
-  * **Buried:** Bethany Primitive Baptist Church Midway, Yazoo Co, MS
-//Editorial note: The heading gives 1802 and Prince Edward County, Virginia. The narrative gives about 1803 and Prince William County, Virginia.//
-Spence Monroe Grayson, was born circa 1803 in Prince William County, Virginia. Orphaned at a young age, he was brought to Mississippi by his uncle, Beverly R. Grayson, a well-connected planter near Natchez Grayson ,received his early education at Jefferson College in Washington, Mississippi, and read law in the office of the distinguished Natchez attorney [[#thomas_b_reed|Thomas B. Reed]],. He was admitted to the bar around 1825, quickly establishing a strong legal practice in Natchez, then a major legal and commercial center in the Southwest.
-Known for his legal acumen and precision in argument, Grayson, built a respected reputation within the Mississippi legal community. In 1830, he married Sarah R. Chew, daughter of planter William L. Chew. Around 1835, he relocated to Yazoo County, Mississippi, where he acquired a plantation near the town of Benton and transitioned into agricultural and political life.
-In 1838, Grayson, was elected to the Mississippi State Senate, representing Yazoo County. His later life is less well documented, but he remained a prominent figure in his region.
-//Source: Journey Through The Piney Woods, PDF p. 50.//
-===== Charles B Green =====
-  * **Born:** Unknown
-  * **Died:** Unknown
-  * **Buried:** Unknown
-Charles B. Green was an early nineteenth-century attorney and politician based in Natchez, Mississippi. He began his legal career around 1816 in partnership with [[#christopher_rankin|Christopher Rankin]], a prominent figure in Mississippi politics. Green quickly rose in influence, serving in the Mississippi State Senate from 1820 to 1821 and later in the House of Representatives from 1826 to 1829. During his tenure in the House, he was elected Speaker, underscoring his stature among his legislative peers. In 1821, he was a candidate for governor but was defeated by Walter Leake.
-Green constructed his home ‚ÄúGlenfied‚Äù outside Natchez which became a well-known example of English Gothic Revival architecture. He was among the early legal and political architects of Mississippi's statehood era, reflecting the complex intersections of law, land, and governance in the post-territorial South.
-Married Helen P. Andrews July 19, 1814, in Adams County. His son Charles B Green Jr attended Princeton then known as the College of New Jersey. Princeton was considered the Ivy League school for southern gentlemen.
-Though widely referenced in historical works such as [[#j_f_h_claiborne|J. F. H. Claiborne]]‚Äôs A Trip Through the Piney Woods and other regional accounts such as ‚ÄúEarly Life of [[#george_poindexter|George Poindexter]].‚Äù, his birth and death dates remain uncertain, and his burial site has not been definitively identified.
-//Source: Journey Through The Piney Woods, PDF pp. 51‚Äì52.//
-===== William B Griffith =====
-  * **Born:** Unknown
-  * **Died:** Unknown
-  * **Buried:** Unknown
-William B. Griffith was a distinguished attorney and judge in early nineteenth-century Natchez, Mississippi, recognized as one of the leading legal minds of the Mississippi bar during the formative years of the state. Originally from Maryland, he settled in Natchez around 1818, where he quickly rose to prominence in the legal community. Griffith was known for his intellectual rigor and dignified manner, traits which earned him the respect of his contemporaries and a reputation for both integrity and skill in the courtroom.
-He was a close associate and brother-in-law of John T. McMurran, a prominent lawyer and Mississippi state senator. Together, they formed a notable legal partnership that handled high-profile civil and criminal cases throughout Adams County. and the surrounding region. In 1827, Griffith was nominated to the Mississippi Supreme Court but declined the position, which was subsequently accepted by George Winchester. His decision to forgo the appointment was interpreted by his peers as a testament to his humility and preference for private legal practice over public office.
-Griffith‚Äôs legal influence extended into the defense of marginalized individuals, including free Black citizens, as evidenced by his legal representation in cases involving the rights of William Johnson, a free Black barber and diarist of Natchez. His involvement in these cases reflects the complex racial and legal dynamics of antebellum Mississippi and positions Griffith as a figure of notable legal conscience within his era.
-Though his exact birth and death dates remain undocumented, Griffith's estate papers and correspondence are preserved in archival collections such as the McMurran Family Papers at Louisiana State University. These documents provide valuable insight into his professional network and the legal culture of Natchez in the decades preceding the Civil War. Griffith likely died in Natchez prior to the 1860s, though his burial site has not been definitively identified. His legacy persists in the historical records of Mississippi's early legal system and in the writings of contemporaries such as [[#j_f_h_claiborne|J. F. H. Claiborne]], who regarded him as one of the ‚Äúgrave and conscientious‚Äù legal pillars of the Natchez bar.
-//Source: Journey Through The Piney Woods, PDF pp. 53‚Äì54.//
-===== William McKendree Gwin =====
-//Manuscript heading: Gwen//
-  * **Born:** Oct. 9, 1805, in Sumner Co., TN
-  * **Died:** September 3, 1885, in New York City
-  * **Buried:** Mountain View Cemetery in Oakland, CA.
-William McKendree Gwin was an influential American politician, physician, planter and traveling partner of the author. Gwen career spanned both the antebellum South and the early political formation of California. He was born on October 9, 1805, in Sumner County, Tennessee, the son of Rev. James Gwin, a Methodist minister, and Mary L. Gwin. Gwin studied medicine at Transylvania University in Kentucky, graduating in 1828, and subsequently practiced medicine in Clinton, Mississippi.
-Gwin's early public career began in Mississippi, where he served as United States Marshal from 1833 to 1839 and was later elected as a Democrat to the Twenty-seventh Congress (1841‚Äì1843), representing Mississippi.
-He moved to California during the Gold Rush in 1849, where he became a central figure in organizing the state's Democratic Party and advocating for its admission to the Union. Upon California's statehood in 1850, Gwin was elected one of its first United States Senators, serving from 1850 to 1855 and again from 1857 to 1861.
-In the Senate, Gwin was a staunch pro-slavery Democrat and an ardent supporter of Southern interests, including the expansion of slavery into the territories. His political influence was instrumental in securing federal patronage for California and in promoting infrastructure, such as the transcontinental railroad. He was a close
-ally of President Franklin Pierce and a leading figure in the Lecompton Democratic faction.
-During the Civil War, Gwin was suspected of Confederate sympathies and was briefly imprisoned in 1861. After his release, he traveled to Europe and attempted, unsuccessfully, to persuade Napoleon III to support the creation of a pro-Southern colony in Mexico.
-Gwin returned to the United States after the war and lived quietly in California and New York. He died on September 3, 1885, in New York City and was buried at Mountain View Cemetery in Oakland, California.
-Gwin‚Äôs career reflects the trans-Mississippi expansion of Southern political power, the entanglement of economic and racial ideologies in U.S. westward development, and the complicated identities of Union and Confederate sympathizers in frontier states.
-//Source: Journey Through The Piney Woods, PDF pp. 55‚Äì56.//
-===== Lyman Harding =====
-//Manuscript heading: Harding Lyman//
-  * **Born:** October 25, 1772, Sturbridge, Worchester Co, MA
-  * **Died:** June 23, 1820, Natchez, MS
-  * **Buried:** Unknown
-Lyman Harding (1772‚Äì1820) was a prominent early jurist and public official in the Mississippi Territory and later the State of Mississippi. Born on October 25, 1772, in Sturbridge, Worcester County, Massachusetts, Harding was educated in New England before migrating southward during the post-Revolutionary period of westward expansion. Settling in Natchez, then the capital of the Mississippi Territory, Harding quickly established himself within the region‚Äôs legal elite.
-In 1812, Harding commissioned the construction of Auburn, a monumental Federal-style mansion designed by the architect Levi Weeks, which became one of the earliest and most influential examples of classical architecture in the lower Mississippi Valley. The home signaled Harding‚Äôs social prominence and was long regarded as one of the most elegant homes in the region. Auburn is now a National Historic Landmark.
-Harding‚Äôs legal acumen and reputation for probity earned him statewide recognition, culminating in his election as Attorney General of Mississippi by the state legislature in January 1818‚Äî making him the first to hold that office following Mississippi‚Äôs admission to the Union in 1817. As Attorney General, Harding was charged with overseeing the state's legal affairs during its formative years, shaping foundational jurisprudence and working alongside early governors and justices in establishing a stable legal framework.
-Harding‚Äôs tenure was cut short by his untimely death on June 23, 1820, while still serving in office. He died in Natchez, Adams County., Mississippi, and was interred locally, though the precise location of his grave remains uncertain. His widow later remarried, and his descendants, including Winthrop Sargent Harding, continued to reside in Natchez.
-FROM: Early life of [[#george_poindexter|George Poindexter]]. ‚ÄúA Federalist who was the first Attorney General of the Territory and later first Attorney General of the State. Harding ran for Territorial Assembly in 1804 with 207 votes from Adam County and 6 from Wilkinson County. He came in 2nd behind John Steel with 214 Adams County. votes and 10 votes from Wilkinson.
-When Aaron Burr was captured, he posted a $10,000 bond to appear before a special section of the Supreme Court. Harding and another Federalist [[#benjamin_osmun|Benjamin Osmun]] were his sureties on the bond.‚Äù
-In 1814, he signed a letter with other prominent members of the bar to mark Judge Poindexter's retirement, acknowledging his excellent service on the bench.
-//Source: Journey Through The Piney Woods, PDF pp. 57‚Äì58.//
-===== Buckner Harris =====
-//Manuscript heading: Judge Buckner Harris//
-  * **Born:** 1780, VA or FL
-  * **Died:** 1814 Florida Panhandle
-  * **Buried:** Most likely in Spanish Florida now
-//Editorial note: The manuscript gives differing possible birthplaces. The heading lists Virginia or Florida, while the narrative lists Virginia or Georgia.//
-the Panhandle. Buckner Harris, born in Virginia or Georgia in the 1780s, was a military officer and political figure. He is first noted as a militia leader and Indian fighter during the Creek War (1813‚Äì1814) in the western section of the Mississippi Territory that would become Alabama. In 1814, Harris , became associated with one of the more obscure and colorful episodes of Southern frontier history: the so- called "Republic of the Floridas." He led a small group of American settlers and filibusters (unauthorized military adventurers) into Spanish West Florida‚Äîthen part of Spain's colonial holdings‚Äîwith the goal of declaring independence and eventually bringing the territory into the United States.
-In                                                    June 1814, Harris, declared himself Governor of the Republic of Florida and established a short-lived government at a place called                                                    Prospect Bluff (later known                                                     as the site of the "Negro Fort")                                                    on the Apalachicola River.                                                    His attempt was not Figure 2 Creek War sanctioned by the U.S. government and soon collapsed. That same year, he was killed‚Äî
-either by hostile Native Americans or possibly by Spanish-allied forces.
-Due to the unofficial and somewhat rogue nature of his activities, Harris, did not leave behind an official record like more traditional politicians.
-//Source: Journey Through The Piney Woods, PDF pp. 59‚Äì60.//
-===== Samuel Hathorn =====
-//Manuscript heading: Hathorn Esq//
-  * **Born:** Abt 1782 Ireland
-  * **Died:** July 25,1849 Covington Co. MS (Now Jefferson Davis, Co.
-  * **Buried:** Family Cemetery across from his house on West Bowie Creek.
-Samuel Hathorn immigrated from Ireland with two brothers around 1798, after his eldest brother inherited the family land. They settled in Charleston, SC, and by 1802 Samuel appeared on Clarke County, GA tax rolls. A War of 1812 veteran, he was discharged in Hancock Co., GA in 1815. He lived in Lawrence Co., MS in 1819- 1820, then moved to Covington Co. near West Bowie Creek, where his son Wood was born. Samuel became Justice of the Peace in 1821.
-It was on the path for the travelers going from Columbia to Williamsburg. Williamsburg Road crosses West Bowie Creek just northeast of Bassfield. The area is now in Jefferson Davis County.
-//Source: Journey Through The Piney Woods, PDF p. 61.//
-===== Lemuel Henry =====
-  * **Born:** 1783, Robertson Co, TN
-  * **Died:** 1813 Saint Stephens, Washington Co, Ms Terr now AL
-  * **Buried:** Old St Stevens Cemetery, Washington Co, AL
-Lemuel Henry of Washington County, Miss. (now Alabama). Member, Mississippi territorial council, 1805; Mississippi Territory attorney general Eastern District, 1809-12; member of Mississippi Territorial House of Representatives, 1809.
-Both Lemuel and his brother John J. were involved in the hunt and capture of Aaron Burr. On Oct. 14, 1807, Lemuel Henry signed an affidavit reciting his meeting with Aaron Burr prior to the latter's arrest on charge of treason by Capt. Edmund Pendleton Gaines. (The Trial of Col. Aaron Burr on an Indictment for Treason by T. Carpenter, Volume 3, pp. 335-37.)
-Lemuel Henry along with Robert Knox, and Leonard D. Shaw became the first attorneys admitted to practice in what was to become the state of Alabama.
-A letter from Lemuel Henry dated June 14, 1803, Washington County, M.T. (Mississippi Territory) to Andrew Jackson was printed in The Papers of Andrew Jackson: 1770-1803, pp. 332-333. The footnote says: "Lemuel Henry was a lawyer in the Mississippi Territory in 1803
-From Lemuel Henry 1 Washington County M. T. June the 14th 1803
-Sir my remote situation is the only appoligy I can offer for my delay in transmitting to you the Inclosed. I suppose you Lernt from my Letter dated at Natchez, that I was there when I received Yours, It was the Latter end of March when I arrived at Washington County where I found Mr. Knox in a State of Intoxication, so that It was a considerable time, before I had an oppertunity to see him in such a situation as I thought advisable to address him on the subject of your Letter. However when I found an oppertunity I succeeded as you see. I was uneasy at witholding it so Long from a man It gives me so much pleasure to serve. Mr. Garrard in passing this way from New Orleens to Kentucky has afforded me the first oppertunity of conveying to you the inclosed I did not think it necessary to attest the order as Mr. Knox signature is remarkable and well known, but should a probate be necessary my Deposition can be had at any time by applying at Washington Court hous M. T. please to make my compliments acceptable to Mrs. Jackson and all our friends. Mrs. Henry and myself are well and I remain Sir Your friend and very humble servent Lemuel Henry
-Henry enlisted in the War of 1812 and the last existing record for him is one month into his service.
-//Source: Journey Through The Piney Woods, PDF pp. 63‚Äì65.//
-===== Moses Hookes =====
-//Manuscript heading: Captain Hookes//
-  * **Born:** 1780 Salisbury, Essex Co, MA
-  * **Died:** 1821 MS
-  * **Buried:** Salisbury Plantation near Woodville, MS
-The famed Lewis and Clark expedition to explore the area required in the Louisiana Purchase was nearly the Lewis and Hookes expedition. In 1803, after being assigned to explore the upper Missouri River, Lewis wrote to George Roger Clark on becoming his partner in the expedition. While awaiting a reply, Lewis arranged for 3,500 pounds of supplies to be sent from Philadelphia to Fort Fayette‚Äîa strategic supply base on the Ohio River near Pittsburgh.
-The commander of the fort was Captain Moses Hookes,, whom Lewis had known since their shared service in Pennsylvania with the First Infantry.
-Knowing and respecting Hookes,, from their previous service, Lewis invited Hookes to join him, when no reply came from Clark after weeks of waiting.
-In a letter he explained the change in plans to President Jefferson. ‚ÄúI have recieved as yet no answer from Mr. Clark; in the event of Mr. Clark‚Äôs declining to accompany me Lieut. Hooke of this place has engaged to do so, if permitted; and I think from his disposition and qualifications that I might safely calculate on being as ably assisted by him in the execution of the objects of my mission, as I could wish, or would be, by any other officer in the Army. Lieut. Hooke, is about 26 years of age, endowed with a good constitution, possessing a sensible well informed mind, is industrious, prudent and persevering, and withal entrepid and enterprising: he has
-acted as Military Agent at this place for a few months past, and of course will have some public accounts to adjust, tho‚Äô he tells me that he can settle those accounts, deliver the public stores to the person who may be directed to take charge of them, and prepare to go with me, at any time, within the course of a day or two.‚Äù
-As fate would have it within a few days Lewis received two notes from Clark accepting and saying he was already recruiting men and supplies.
-By 1807 he had risen to Captain and was serving under the traitor General Wilkinson in the Mississippi Territory, when news of Aaron Burr adventure arrived. Captain Hookes,, along with two other Army lieutenants and two military surgeons, were instructed by Gen Wilkinson to dress as civilians, arm themselves, and forcibly apprehend Burr to transport him to New Orleans on a naval gunboat. However, ,, apparently smelled a rat and appears to have been a hesitant participant, unwilling to use violence and lacking the cooperation of the Navy. As a result, Burr was ultimately taken into custody by the civil authorities.
-Hookes,,, later resigned his army commission in 1808 Woodstock plantation, February 26th 1808
-Sir,
-I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the 22nd of December last permitting me to retire from the Army of the United States. I now take the liberty to request feeling myself justified by precedent as well as presuming on your goodness, the discharge of Edward Cossgrove ‚Äî a private soldier in my late company & my waiter. This man has about eighteen months to serve, has been attached to my person since the time of his enlistment and is unfit for any other service. He is anxious to remain with me & if Sir, you should deem it compatible with the interests of the service, you will confer an obligation on me by granting him his discharge.
-He married a young widow Harriet Butler settled in Mississippi, at Woodstock Plantation located between the towns of Woodville and Pond in Wilkinson County, Mississippi. He later changed the name to Salisbury in honor of his birthplace.
-He passed away in 1821 at the age of 44 and was buried on the grounds of Salisbury plantation.
-//Source: Journey Through The Piney Woods, PDF pp. 67‚Äì69.//
-===== John Hendrick Horne =====
-//Manuscript heading: Colonel Horne//
-  * **Born:** August 20, 1796 Chesterfield Co, SC
-  * **Died:** May 2, 1864 Matherville, Wayne County, MS
-  * **Buried:** Geneva-Horne Cemetery, Matherville, Wayne Co, MS
-John Hendrick Horne Sr was an early settler and influential citizen of Winchester and Wayne County MS. From The Wayne County News,
-"Matherville Community Has A Proud History"
-by Mrs. June Stagg, no date but 1970s:
-"About the middle of the 19th Century this area, then known as Miltonville, was occupied by wealthy planters who owned and cultivated large tracts of land.
-The home of Col. John H. Horne might be called the center of the community. It was a two-story building of spacious proportions and colonial design. The roof was remodeled in later years by Mr. George Mauldin whose heirs still hold ownership. Col. Horne, who was born on August 20, 1795, in one of the Carolinas, moved to Winchester MS at about 21 years of age. Although his "fortune" at that time consisted of only a horse, bridle and saddle and $300, he died owning an estate
-estimated to be worth at least one million dollars. In 1817 he was elected colonel of the Wayne County militia and in the same year he was elected to represent Wayne County in the lower branch of the State Legislature. In the year 1818 he was elected State Senator from the district composed of Wayne, Greene, Perry, Jones and Covington counties. He died on May 2, 1864, at his residence. Many of his descendants still live in Wayne Countyand two of his great-granddaughters, Mrs. Dougal Carmichael and Mrs. Edith Helton Palmer, reside in Matherville. The late E. L. Horne, Sr. of Waynesboro was the grandson of Col. Horne
-//Source: Journey Through The Piney Woods, PDF pp. 71‚Äì72.//
-===== Jacob Jones =====
-//Manuscript heading: Lieutenant Jones//
-  * **Born:** March 1768 Smyrna, Delaware
-  * **Died:** August 3, 1850 Philadelphia
-  * **Buried:** Brandywine Cemetery, Wilmington, DE
-Jacob Jones was born in Delaware in March 1768. Initially educated in the field of medicine, he was employed as clerk of the Delaware Supreme Court before joining the Navy in 1799 as a Midshipman. During the Quasi-War with France, he served under Commodore John Barry in the frigate United States and was promoted to the rank of Lieutenant in 1801. Jones was an officer of the frigate Philadelphia when that ship was taken by the Tripolitans in 1803. Held captive for nearly two years.
-In 1806 was given command of the √Ütna a brig launched in June to patrol the Gulf of America. The √Ütna under orders of Captain [[#john_shaw|John Shaw]] was one of two brigs that traveled to Natchez in to meet the expedition led by Aaron Burr in January 1807. He was supposed to have taken Burr back to New Orleans for Captain Shaw to arrange the transfer to the east for trial. This plan was interrupted when civilian authorities took charge of the former Vice President first. Later in the Burr trial in Richmond Commodore Thomas Truxton testified about conversation with Burr where Burr ‚Äúmentioned no person but General Wilkinson and Lieutenant Jones‚Äù suggestion Jones was discussed in relation to the Burr Expedition. One record notes a ‚ÄúLieutenant Jones who declared that he would not obey the orders.‚Äù Implying Jones may have been a military officer involved at some level with Burr‚Äôs plans.
-Promoted to Commander in 1810, and to Captain in 1813, he commanded the "Mohawk" on Lake Ontario in the War of 1812, and the "Macedonian" in the Algerine War. He commanded the Mediterranean Squadron from 1821 to 1823, the Pacific Squadron from 1826 to 1829, and the Baltimore Naval Station from 1829 to 1839. He served as port captain of New York Harbor from 1842 to 1845
-Jones received his final assignment, as commandant of the Naval Asylum at Philadelphia in 1847. Commodore Jacob Jones held that position at the time of his death on 3 August 1850. The √Ütna was sunk during a hurricane 19 August 1812, No information on if it was insured.
-//Source: Journey Through The Piney Woods, PDF pp. 73‚Äì74.//
-===== William Lang =====
-//Manuscript heading: General Laing//
-  * **Born:** 1750, Wales
-  * **Died:** 1824 Wayne Co, MS
-  * **Buried:** Unknown
-William Lang was an early settler in Wayne County, Mississippi. Born in Wales, he later migrated to South Carolina. Family accounts indicate that during the American Revolution, Lang rode alongside Francis "Swamp Fox" Marion. As a prominent supporter of Methodism in the region, Lang worked closely with Reverend Tobias Gibson, actively encouraging newly arrived and converted preachers in their missionary efforts.
-.
-//Source: Journey Through The Piney Woods, PDF p. 75.//
-===== William A Leggett =====
-//Manuscript heading: Judge Leggett//
-  * **Born:** 1801 Clarke Co, GA
-  * **Died:** About 1870 Covington Co, MS
-  * **Buried:** Unknown
-William A. Leggett was an early settler, farmer, and family patriarch in Covington County, Mississippi. Born around 1801 in Clarke County, Georgia, he moved to Mississippi before 1826, likely as part of Southern expansion into the Piney Woods after Choctaw and Chickasaw lands opened.
-By 1840, Leggett had settled in Covington County, running a farm and raising a large family. Census records from 1850 and 1860 show him as a farmer with real estate and land near present-day Seminary, Mississippi. Leggett is thought to have died around 1870 in Covington County. His burial site is not listed in public records.
-Though Leggett was not a prominent public official, his legacy continued through his descendants, including Thomas H. Leggett. Born in 1857, Thomas focused on community development, carrying forward William's commitment. Thomas served on the Covington County Board of Supervisors and played a significant role in regional agriculture and local governance during the late 19th century.
-//Source: Journey Through The Piney Woods, PDF p. 77.//
-===== Martin Lewis =====
-//Manuscript heading: Martin Lewis Esq.//
-  * **Born:** Jan 10, 1800, NC
-  * **Died:** Nov 6, 1861, Stovall Springs, Marion Co, MS
-The earliest documented reference to Martin Lewis in Marion County, MS appears in an official bond dated 14 August 1827, wherein he and associates, including Quincey Lewis, bound themselves in the sum of $6,000 to Governor Gerard Brandon of Mississippi. The scale of the obligation suggests both considerable personal means and a degree of public trust, indicative of his standing within the county. While the details of his legal training remain undocumented, the contemporary application of the honorific ‚ÄúEsquire‚Äù to his name indicates recognition as a member of the legal profession or a figure engaged in formal civic responsibilities.
-Over the next several decades, Lewis was an established citizen whose activities spanned law, landholding, and public service. The Lewis family were prominent early settlers of Marion County, frequently mentioned in legal and civic records. Lewis's status is also evident from his connection with Stovall Springs‚Äîlater called Columbia Springs‚Äîa mineral resort on the Pearl River that attracted Mississippi‚Äôs elite planter and professional classes.
-Lewis‚Äôs career spanned a pivotal era in Mississippi, marked by the rise of the cotton economy, formation of counties and towns, and mounting pre-Civil War tensions. Despite limited records, his involvement in important legal and financial affairs places him among antebellum Marion County's professional and landowning elite.
-Martin Lewis died on 6 November 1861 at Stovall Springs in Marion County.Mississippi, at the age of sixty-one. His death occurred only months after Mississippi‚Äôs secession from the Union, marking the end of a life rooted in the state‚Äôs formative years.
-//Source: Journey Through The Piney Woods, PDF pp. 79‚Äì80.//
-===== Charles Lynch =====
-//Manuscript heading: Colonel Charles Lynch//
-  * **Born:** November 28, 1756 Caroline Co, VA
-  * **Died:** July, 1822 Shelby Co., KY
-  * **Buried:** Unknown
-Charles Lynch migrated to Kentucky with his family by the early 1800‚Äôs establishing himself as a land investor and a planter. A deposition from 1806 indicates he owned land to Kentucky and was involved in local legal and civic affairs He became linked in the Burr Affair when he purchased part of the Bastrop Grant with Charles Burr in 1806. This implies that Lynch was at least land-connected to Burr‚Äôs frontier scheme whatever they were.
-The Bastrop Grant was a Spanish land concession of 1.1 million acres in central Texas awarded in 1769 to Baron de Bastrop. He was a Dutch born land promoter whose real name was Phiop Hendrik Nering B√∂gel. He had promised to settle Spanish immigrants from Louisiana and Europe.
-Burr said he just wanted to be a simple farmer but allegedly planned to use the Bastrop lands as a staging ground for a new empire in the western territories or making a fortune luring settles with promises of rich lands. Whatever the plan was he was done in by General [[#james_wilkinson|James Wilkinson]] who it turned out was the real traitor to the US as he was working as an agent of Spain.
-Lynch died in Shelby County around 1822 with at least one living son Charles Lynch Jr.
-//Source: Journey Through The Piney Woods, PDF p. 81.//
-===== John D McInnis =====
-  * **Born:** 1796 Darlington, SC
-  * **Died:** August 28, 1853, Greene Co, MS
-  * **Buried:** Unknown
-John Daniel McInnis apparently a prosperous resident from the entry in the book and his son attending Yale in the 1850‚Äôs. He was the post master for Leakesville and state representative 1848- 1854. The McInnis family were the first to settle in Leakesville. J. J. McInnis, familiarly known as "Jack" or "Uncle John" had originally come from Scotland. He lived 7 miles east of Red Hill place where he was the only white man in the vicinity for some time. Numerous Choctaws and other Indians occasionally paid him a visit. Mobile was the nearest town of any importance from which to purchase supplies that could not be grown or made at home.
-The first post office was established in Leakesville in 1840, with John McInnis as Post Master.
-//Source: Journey Through The Piney Woods, PDF p. 83.//
-===== Long Johnny McLeod =====
-  * **Born:** 1762, NC
-  * **Died:** 1 855,Greene Co, MS
-  * **Buried:** Unknown
-John McLeod served as a state senator serving various counties in the 1820‚Äô and 1830‚Äôs:
-o     10th & 11th Legislature (1826-1827) he served Jackson, Hancock, Greene and Perry Counties o     1833 represented Jones Co.
-//Source: Journey Through The Piney Woods, PDF p. 85.//
-===== John J McRae =====
-  * **Born:** Jan 10, 1815, Swedesboro, NC
-  * **Died:** May 31, 1868, Belize City, Belize
-  * **Buried:** Long Ridge Cemetery Belize City, Belize
-John Jones McRae was a land developer and politician. McRae was a member of the State House of Representatives, U.S. Senator and Governor. His family relocated to South Mississippi in the 1820s, settling in what is now or Perry County. This migration placed him in a frontier society shaped by agrarian values, decentralized governance, and an emerging populist political identity.
-McRae pursued classical studies and law, reading under prominent attorneys in Mississippi. His intellectual gifts and rhetorical skill positioned him for early public service.
-Claiborne remarks on McRae were about his efforts to promote river traffic to increase economic opportunities especially timber. In 1834 McRae founded the town of Enterprise, MS in Clarke County, MS. He chose the location where the Chickaswhay River is formed by the confluence of the Chunky River and Okatibbee Creek. In 1842 after Claiborne trip, he had cleared the Chickaswhay River enough, so he was able to take a steamboat from Lake Pontchartrain to Enterprise.
-In the early 1840s, McRae was elected to the Mississippi House of Representatives, representing the interests of rural southern counties. He gained prominence as an advocate for economic development in the state's underserved regions and built strong
-alliances with figures like Jefferson Davis and Albert Gallatin Brown.
-McRae served in the U.S. House of Representatives (1849‚Äì 1851) and was briefly appointed to the U.S. Senate in 1851, filling Jefferson Davis‚Äôs vacated seat. He declined to run for re-election, instead focusing on state politics.
-Elected Governor of Mississippi (1854‚Äì1857), McRae promoted:
-  * Public education reform
-  * Infrastructure projects, especially in southern counties
-  * Railroad expansion, vital for the region‚Äôs economic growth
-Though a moderate on secession initially, his views hardened in the 1850s amid increasing national tensions. During the American Civil War, McRae served in the Confederate Congress (1862‚Äì1865), representing Mississippi.
-His brother Colin John McRae had been a successful business man in Alabama before and during the war. As the Confederacy collapsed, he left Alabama for British Honduras (now Belize) to start a successful plantation. With the southern economy it tatters, John McRae joined him to have a new start. He became ill soon after his arrival and died May 31, 1868
-//Source: Journey Through The Piney Woods, PDF pp. 87‚Äì88.//
-===== Cowles Mead =====
-//Manuscript heading: General Cowles Mead//
-  * **Born:** October 18, 1776, Bedford County, VA
-  * **Died:** May 17, 1844, Clinton, MS
-  * **Buried:** Clinton City Graveyard, Clinton, MS
-Cowles Mead was an influential political figure during the formative years of Mississippi's statehood and a significant actor in early American frontier politics. Born on October 18, 1776, in Bedford County, Virginia, Mead rose to prominence through legal and legislative service in the southern United States during a time of great territorial expansion and political turbulence.
-Little is documented about Mead's early education, but he likely received a classical education common among Virginia's gentry. By the early 1800s, he had relocated to Georgia, where he began his political career and became involved in Democratic-Republican politics.
-Cowles Mead was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives from Georgia, filling a vacancy in 1805. However, his term was brief and marked by controversy; his seat was contested by [[#thomas_spalding|Thomas Spalding]], who successfully challenged the validity of Mead's election.
-Despite this setback, Mead's political trajectory continued. He moved westward to the Mississippi Territory, a region still in flux both politically and socially.
-He was appointed Secretary of the Mississippi Territory (1806‚Äì 1807), a pivotal role in a time when the federal government sought to establish stability and governance on the frontier. In late 1806 Mississippi Territorial Governor [[#robert_williams|Robert Williams]] was taking a vacation back home in North Carolina. His absence made Mead,
-the acting governor and one of the few federal authorities in a position to respond to the rumors of Burr's activities. The Mississippi Territory, still thinly populated and loosely governed, was seen as a possible launchpad or haven for Burr's ambitions. Mead, alert to the political instability such a plot might cause, moved swiftly to assert control.
-Mead ordered the arrest of Harman Blennerhassett, one of Burr‚Äôs known associates, and coordinated with federal officials to gather intelligence on Burr‚Äôs movements. Perhaps most crucially, he authorized the use of local militia to aid in the detainment of Burr if he entered Mississippi. According to territorial records, Mead issued proclamations warning residents of treasonous activity and called on citizens to report any suspicious military gatherings.
-When Burr was eventually apprehended near Washington, Mississippi, in February 1807, it was under murky circumstances. While he was arrested by local citizens rather than federal troops, Mead played an important role in legitimizing the action and ensuring Burr was held long enough to be transferred for federal trial.
-Mead was a delegate to Mississippi‚Äôs Constitutional Convention in 1817, which established the framework for Mississippi‚Äôs admission to the Union. Upon statehood, he remained deeply involved in state politics, serving multiple terms in the Mississippi House of Representatives, including as Speaker.
-As a Democratic-Republican, Mead strongly supported Jeffersonian principles such as limited federal government, states' rights, and agrarian republicanism. He was known for his eloquence and his ability to navigate the political dynamics of a rapidly changing frontier society. Though his ambitions for higher office, including the governorship, were ultimately unsuccessful, Mead‚Äôs influence on Mississippi politics was substantial. His career reflects
-the volatility and ambition characteristic of early American politicians operating on the expanding frontier.
-Cowles Mead died on May 17, 1844, near Clinton, Mississippi, where he had resided for much of his later life. He is buried in Clinton Cemetery. Though not widely remembered nationally, Mead's contributions to the legal and political development of Mississippi during its territorial and early statehood periods remain significant in regional historical scholarship.
-//Source: Journey Through The Piney Woods, PDF pp. 89‚Äì91.//
-===== Bela Metcalfe =====
-  * **Born:** March 8 1792 Paris, Bourbon Co, KY,
-  * **Died:** August 27 1823 Natchez, Adams Co, MS
-  * **Buried:** Grove Plantation Cemetery, Adams Co., MS
-Bela Metcalfe was born in the post-Revolutionary frontier town of Paris, Kentucky, located in Bourbon County‚Äîa region known for its vibrant legal and political culture. He was likely educated in the classical curriculum typical of legal apprenticeships of the period, either under a private tutor or through a mentor in the bar. His early exposure to law and politics in Kentucky‚Äîa cradle of western statesmanship‚Äî prepared him for leadership on the expanding southwestern frontier.
-By the 1810s, Metcalfe had relocated to the Mississippi Territory, then in the throes of political transformation and territorial development. He settled in Natchez, the territorial capital and one of the most important cultural and economic centers in the American South. There, he quickly established himself as a skilled attorney and legal thinker, gaining recognition within the growing elite of the region
-Bela Metcalfe‚Äôs most significant political contribution came as a delegate to the Mississippi Constitutional Convention of 1817, which convened to draft the founding charter of the new state of Mississippi. As one of the younger members of the convention‚Äî only 25 years old at the time‚Äîhe distinguished himself with his
-legal acumen and commitment to structuring the judiciary in the new state. His involvement ensured that the new constitution reflected the values of republican governance while also accommodating the realities of frontier society.
-Following statehood, Metcalfe was elected to the Mississippi State Senate, where he played a formative role in the early legislative sessions. His knowledge of legal structure made him a strong advocate for coherent judicial organization and infrastructure. He was later appointed as a judge on the Mississippi High Court of Errors and Appeals, the predecessor to the modern state Supreme Court. In this capacity, he helped interpret and shape the young state's legal framework, though his judicial opinions are not widely preserved due to the limited publication of early Mississippi case law.
-Bela Metcalfe died prematurely at the age of 31, on August 27, 1823, in Natchez. His estate affairs appear in probate records shortly thereafter. He was buried at Grove Plantation Cemetery, a private burial ground in Adams County., Mississippi, likely associated with one of the region‚Äôs influential families or estates.
-Though his career was brief, Metcalfe‚Äôs role as a framer of the Mississippi Constitution and a member of the early judiciary places him among the foundational figures in the state‚Äôs legal history. His legacy endures in the institutions he helped build and the legal precedents he helped establish during Mississippi‚Äôs transition from territory to statehood.
-//Source: Journey Through The Piney Woods, PDF pp. 93‚Äì94.//
-===== George Morgan =====
-//Manuscript heading: Colonel George Morgan//
-  * **Born:** February 14, 1743, Princeton, NJ
-  * **Died:** March 10, 1810, Morganza, Washington Co., PA
-  * **Buried:** Believed to be near his estate in Morganza,PA
-Colonel George Morgan was a prominent merchant, Indian agent, and Revolutionary-era patriot whose later years were marked by his vigilant defense of the American republic. Born in New Jersey and active on the western frontier, Morgan served as a U.S. Indian agent to the Delaware nation and maintained close ties to political figures across the new republic. In 1806, when approached indirectly by Aaron Burr‚Äôs agents through his son Thomas, Morgan immediately warned federal authorities. His correspondence with Jefferson and Madison contributed to the exposure of Burr‚Äôs conspiracy, solidifying his place as an early guardian of American unity and law. Morgan's estate in Washington County, Pennsylvania, became a key point of federal interest during the investigation into Burr‚Äôs treason.
-As a U.S. Indian agent to the Lenape (Delaware) tribes and host to Spanish dignitaries, could he have been both a patriot and on the Spanish payroll like General Wilkinson? Inquiring minds want to know.
-//Source: Journey Through The Piney Woods, PDF p. 95.//
-===== Jacob J H Morris =====
-  * **Born:** 1789 Chester Dist, SC
-  * **Died:** Unknown
-  * **Buried:** Unknown
-Jacob J. H. Morris was in the 5th U.S. Infantry under Captain Moore May 1815. He was recorded as 26 years old 5‚Äô6‚Äù blue eyes and fair hair and complexion. He may have received a land grant for his service since he was the head of household on the Mississippi territorial census for Greene County in 1816. Morris later appeared on the Augusta (Perry County) census returns in 1820 and 1830.
-Morris was an early settler of the southeastern Mississippi frontier who moved (or whose district was reorganized) into the newly created Perry County region after county lines changed around 1820.
-//Source: Journey Through The Piney Woods, PDF p. 97.//
-===== Lieutenant Mulford =====
-  * **Born:** Unknown
-  * **Died:** Unknown
-Lieutenant Mulford was a junior officer under Captain Moses Hooke during the military attempt to apprehend Aaron Burr in Mississippi in 1807. He was present during the operation but did not personally take part in the arrest, which Captain Hooke, ultimately left to local civilian authorities to avoid controversy.
-//Source: Journey Through The Piney Woods, PDF p. 99.//
-===== Benjamin Osmun =====
-  * **Born:** Hunterdon County, New Jersey
-  * **Died:** June 1815, Natchez, Adams Co, Ms
-  * **Buried:** Windy Hill Manor, Natchez, Adams Co, Ms
-Benajah Osmun was born in Hunterdon County, New Jersey in 17XX. He served in the Revolutionary War as a 2nd Lieutenant and Quartermaster. He was captured at Charleston in 1778 and exchanged. A Captain by brevet and served to the end of the war. He was an original member of the New Jersey Chapter of the Society of the Cincinnati. A prominate group of revolutionary war veterans
-Osmun and another Federalist [[#lemuel_henry|Lemuel Henry]] posted sureties on the $10,000 bond posted to guarantee Aaron Burr. Appearance before a special section of the Territorial Supreme Court.
-Figure 3 Founders Online, National Archives https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Adams/99-02-020- 2224
-//Source: Journey Through The Piney Woods, PDF p. 101.//
-===== John L Patterson =====
-//Manuscript heading: J.L. Lieutenant Patterson//
-  * **Born:** September 23, 1781, Northampton Co. NC
-  * **Died:** August 19, 1822, Columbus, Lowndes Co. MS
-  * **Buried:** Grindstone Ford Cemetery, Willows, Claiborne Co MS
-John L. Patterson was born September 23, 1781, in North Carolina , during a period when many families from that state were beginning to migrate westward toward the Mississippi Territory By early 1807, Patterson was residing in or near Port Gibson, in what would become Claiborne County, Mississippi Territory. where he became part of the local militia structure and civic life. A surviving compiled military service card documents that he served as a lieutenant in the 2nd Regiment, commanded by Colonel FitzPatrick, from 12 January 1807 through 11 February 1807, a total of 31 days, for which he was paid $30. This short-term enlistment was typical of territorial militia call-ups in response to specific local defense needs or expeditions. In this case it was due to Aaron Burr arriving in the area with armed men. As a lieutenant, Patterson would have been responsible for assisting the company captain in training, mustering, and leading men, as well as maintaining discipline and records.
-In addition to his militia service, Patterson was active in fraternal life and is known to have been a member of the Masonic fraternity. Port Gibson was home to one of the earliest Masonic lodges in Mississippi, chartered in 1815, and it is plausible that Patterson‚Äôs membership connected him to prominent citizens who frequently served in both civil and military offices.
-Patterson later had connections to Columbus, Lowndes County, Mississippi, where he died on 19 August 1822. Columbus had been nearly wiped out in February of that year by fire. Contemporary reports say, ‚Äúnearly the whole village of Columbus‚Ä¶ was destroyed‚Äù and the town was in rebuilding through the rest of 1822 He might have been bringing supplies or help to the rebuilding town. His remains were returned to Claiborne County and interred in Grindstone Ford Cemetery,, near Willows, Mississippi, a burial ground with early 19th-century military and pioneer associations. His life reflects the path of a North Carolina-born settler who entered the Mississippi Territory during its formative years, participated in its militia defense, joined its fraternal networks, and remained tied to Claiborne County until his death.
-//Source: Journey Through The Piney Woods, PDF pp. 103‚Äì104.//
-===== James Patton =====
-//Manuscript heading: Doctor Patton//
-  * **Born:** 1780 Abbeville County, South Carolina
-  * **Died:** May 3,1830 Winchester, Wayne Co. MS
-  * **Buried:** Patton Family Cemetery, Winchester, Wayne Co MS
-James Patton (1780‚Äì1830) was a prominent military and political figure in early Mississippi Territory, particularly in Wayne County around the Winchester area. Born in Abbeville County, South Carolina, Patton migrated to the Mississippi Territory in the early 19th century as settlers moved westward into the frontier lands. . His family settled along the River near the Winchester community.
-In Wayne County, Patton emerged as a leading militia officer during a period marked by frontier conflict and territorial consolidation. He played a key role during the Creek War (1813‚Äì 1814), organizing local militia forces and overseeing the construction of a defensive structure known as Patton‚Äôs Fort in Winchester. This fortification served as a protective refuge for settlers against Native American raids and contributed to the security and development of the region.
-Patton attained the rank of Major General in the Mississippi State Militia by 1819, reflecting his stature and leadership in military affairs. His military service was closely tied to the challenges of
-frontier defense and maintaining order during the tumultuous years of territorial expansion.
-Beyond his military career, Patton was deeply involved in civic and political affairs in Wayne County. He was instrumental in the formation of the county, being one of the first signatories of the petition establishing Wayne County in 1808. His service extended to the judicial sphere as he held the office of probate judge and participated actively in local governance.
-At the state level, Patton‚Äôs influence continued to grow. He was a delegate to the Mississippi Constitutional Convention of 1817. Patton later served as the second Lieutenant Governor of Mississippi from 1820 to 1822, working under Governor [[#george_poindexter|George Poindexter]]. During his tenure, he was part of the commission responsible for selecting the site of the state capital, ultimately choosing Jackson, Mississippi. This decision would have lasting significance for the state's political development.
-Winchester, where Patton settled and established his military and political base, became an important trade center and the county seat of Wayne County during his lifetime. His leadership helped foster the growth of the community and stabilize the region during its formative years.
-James Patton died in 1830 in Winchester, leaving behind a legacy as a foundational figure in early Mississippi history. His contributions to military defense, local governance, and state politics illustrate the multifaceted role played by frontier leaders in
-shaping the early American South.
-//Source: Journey Through The Piney Woods, PDF pp. 105‚Äì107.//
-===== Edward Peter =====
-//Manuscript heading: Lieutenant Peter//
-  * **Born:** Unknown
-  * **Died:** Unknown
-  * **Buried:** Unknown
-Lieutenant EdwardPeter was a junior officer under Captain Moses Hooke during the military attempt to apprehend Aaron Burr in Mississippi in 1807. He was present during the operation but did not personally take part in the arrest, which Hooke, ultimately left to local civilian authorities to avoid controversy.
-In 1805 he was serving with General Wilkinson out of St. Louis ‚Äúone league above the Ohio‚Äù -U.S., General [[#james_wilkinson|James Wilkinson]]'s Order Book, 1796-1808
-//Source: Journey Through The Piney Woods, PDF p. 109.//
-===== George Poindexter =====
-  * **Born:** March 20, 1779, Louisa Co, VA
-  * **Died:** September 5, 1853, Jackson, MS
-  * **Buried:** Jackson Cemetery, Jackson, MS
-George Poindexter was born into a family of modest means. He studied law in Richmond and was admitted to the bar at the turn of the 19th century. Like many ambitious young lawyers of his generation, Poindexter migrated westward, settling in Natchez, Mississippi Territory, in 1802. There he quickly established himself as a capable and aggressive lawyer, gaining the patronage of influential territorial figures. Poindexter entered territorial politics during a volatile period in Mississippi‚Äôs development, characterized by competing factions, land speculation, and tensions between Spanish and American interests. Appointed as Attorney General of the Mississippi Territory in 1803, he soon became one of its most prominent legal and political figures.
-He gained national attention in 1807 for his role as one of the prosecutors in the treason trial of Aaron Burr, then conducted in Richmond, Virginia. Although Burr was acquitted, the trial placed Poindexter among the rising national legal minds of the day.
-Following Mississippi‚Äôs admission to the Union in 1817, Poindexter represented the state in the U.S. House of Representatives (1817‚Äì1819) and later in the U.S. Senate (1830‚Äì 1835). As a Democratic-Republican and later Jacksonian Democrat, he was involved in the major political debates of the day, including internal improvements, banking, and states‚Äô rights.
-While in Congress, Poindexter gained a reputation as a combative and eloquent orator. His distrust of centralized financial institutions foreshadowed Andrew Jackson‚Äôs own battle with the Second Bank of the United States.
-Poindexter served as the second Governor of Mississippi from 1820 to 1822. His administration was marked by efforts to stabilize the state's finances and legal structures in the wake of statehood. He pushed for reform of the judicial system and expanded state support for infrastructure. Yet, his term was marred by accusations of partisanship and personal animosities, which plagued much of his career.
-Notoriously thin-skinned and prone to violence, Poindexter was involved in several duels and political quarrels. He fatally wounded Abijah Hunt, a prominent merchant and political opponent, in a duel in 1811. He later engaged in public feuds with political rivals, including Jacksonians, despite his own support of Andrew Jackson‚Äôs presidential ambitions.
-Ironically, by the 1830s, Poindexter had fallen out with Jackson and his followers, particularly over the Bank War and personal vendettas. Jacksonians accused Poindexter of planting a hired assassin, Richard Lawrence, who attempted to kill President Jackson in 1835. The accusations were unfounded, but they irreparably damaged Poindexter‚Äôs political career.
-After leaving the Senate in 1835, Poindexter withdrew from national politics. He settled back in Jackson, Mississippi, and later moved to Kentucky, where he practiced law and tried unsuccessfully to revive his public career. By the 1840s, his political influence had waned entirely.
-George Poindexter died in , on September 5, 1853, and was buried in the city cemetery.
-Legacy
-Poindexter‚Äôs legacy is one of brilliance tempered by volatility. As a legal mind and early architect of Mississippi‚Äôs political structure, he played an essential role in shaping the state‚Äôs institutions. His contributions to statecraft, governance, and law were significant, but his career was also marred by personal conflicts, political isolation, and a combative nature that limited his long-term effectiveness.
-Poindexter County, Mississippi, was once named in his honor, a testament to his early influence. It was established in 1874 but was later merged into Issaquena County in 1876. Yet by the mid-19th century, his star had faded, eclipsed by more politically adept and better-connected figures of the Jacksonian age.
-In depth look at his early life and how the First Southwest was shaped by and shaped him can be found in the ‚ÄúEarly Life of George Poindexter.‚Äù
-//Source: Journey Through The Piney Woods, PDF pp. 111‚Äì113.//
-===== Christopher Rankin =====
-  * **Born:** 1788 Washington County, PA 1788
-  * **Died:** March 14, 1826, Washington, D.C
-  * **Buried:** Congressional Cemetery
-Christopher Rankin from Washington County, PA received preparatory education at Canonsburg (Jefferson) College, graduating in 1808
-He then moved to Georgia, teaching in a village school while simultaneously studying law. Admitted to the bar in 1809, Rankin commenced legal practice in Liberty, located in Amite County, Mississippi Territory In 1813, he was elected to the territorial legislature, marking the start of his political career. Having relocated to Natchez in 1816, he continued his law practice and gained prominence in local civic life
-Rankin served as a delegate to the Mississippi state constitutional convention in 1817, helping to frame the state‚Äôs foundational legal document
-Later that year he unsuccessfully sought election to the U.S. Senate, which at the time was chosen by the state legislature
-Elected to the U.S. House of Representatives as Mississippi‚Äôs at-large congressman, Rankin served in the Sixteenth (1819‚Äì1821), Seventeenth (1821‚Äì1823), Eighteenth (1823‚Äì1825), and Nineteenth (1825‚Äì1827) Congresses, earning reelection under various party banners: Democratic-Republican, Jackson Republican, and Jacksonian From March 4, 1819, until his death on March 14, 1826, he represented Mississippi in Congress
-Rankin served as Chairman of the House Committee on Public Lands during the Seventeenth through Nineteenth Congresses (c. 1821‚Äì1826), playing a key role in shaping federal land policy during Mississippi‚Äôs early statehood years He died in Washington, D.C., on March 14, 1826, while serving in office; he was interred at the Congressional Cemetery
-In 1828, Rankin County, Mississippi was named in his honor, reflecting his lasting legacy in the state. Rankin stands out as one of Mississippi‚Äôs earliest influential figures in federal government. His work as committee chair on public lands corresponded with major issues of land distribution and settlement policies during the nascent phase of Mississippi‚Äôs statehood. Though he died relatively young (age 37 or 38), his legislative contributions and leadership during multiple terms solidified his place in Mississippi history. The naming of Rankin County speaks to the regard in which he was held soon after his passing.
-//Source: Journey Through The Piney Woods, PDF pp. 115‚Äì116.//
-===== Ann Ray =====
-//Manuscript heading: Mrs. Ray//
-  * **Born:** About 1805, GA
-  * **Died:** After 1860, Natchez area
-  * **Buried:** Unknown
-Ann Ray was listed on the Natchez, Adams county census dwelling 761 as a Tavern Keeper with a personal estate valued at $3,000. Her 1860 U.S. census household included:
-**1860 census household**
-^ Name ^ Age ^
-| John B. Smith<sup>2</sup> | 36 |
-| Jane Calcote | 34 |
-| John L. Calcote | 16 |
-| Elizabeth Calcote | 14 |
-| Quitman Calcote | 12 |
-| Janet Calcote | 10 |
-| Sarah Burrows | 36 |
-| Jane Burrows | 3 |
-| Chas S. Thurstan | 21 |
-| John Boyle | 35 |
-| G.W. Hayward | 35 |
-| Ellen Hayward | 24 |
-| Henry Mogan | 26 |
-| J. Naken | 35 |
-| W.E. Flippin | 25 |
-| W.H. Lehandrin | 21 |
-| M.V.B. Huff | 26 |
-| J.W. Hutchins | 46 |
-| Mary Hutchins | 40 |
-| A, Joneas | 35 |
-| A. Liswell | 36 |
-| Victor Meyer | 21 |
-| Henry Martin | 26 |
-| J.C. Merrill | 24 |
-| Louis Pornet | 50 |
-| R.N. Phillips | 40 |
-| J.B. Patton | 28 |
-| A. Woodstock | 34 |
-<sup>2</sup> Manuscript note: ‚ÄúHe looks a bit suspicious.‚Äù
-//Source: Journey Through The Piney Woods, PDF p. 117.//
-===== Thomas B Reed =====
-  * **Born:** May 7, 1787, , KY
-  * **Died:** November 26, 1829, while on a visit to Lexington, KY
-  * **Buried:** Old Presbyterian Cemetery in Lexington
-Thomas Buck Reed was an influential early nineteenth-century Mississippi attorney, legislator, and United States Senator. He was born on May 7, 1787, in Lexington, Kentucky, into a region that was a hub of frontier legal and political development. Reed, received a classical education and studied law, gaining admission to the bar at a young age. He moved to Natchez, Mississippi Territory, in the early 1810s, where he quickly became an active figure in the region‚Äôs political and legal life. Reed, established a successful legal practice in Natchez and was soon recognized for his legal acumen and oratorical skill. His early political career included service as Attorney General of Mississippi in 1821, a position that placed him at the forefront of the legal structuring of the new state.
-In 1826, Reed was elected to the United States Senate to fill a vacancy but served only a brief term, from January 28, 1826, to March 3, 1827. He did not win re-election immediately but remained a prominent figure in Mississippi politics. In 1829, he was elected again to the U.S. Senate and returned to Washington. However, his second term was cut short by his death on November 26, 1829, only months after resuming office.
-Reed ,was known for his nationalist leanings and his support for internal improvements and a strong federal role in economic development‚Äîpositions in line with the Adams-Clay faction during
-the era. His political rivalries with figures like [[#george_poindexter|George Poindexter]] were notable features of Mississippi politics during the 1820s.
-He died in Lexington, Kentucky, his birthplace, while on a visit. Thomas Buck Reed, was buried in the Old Presbyterian Cemetery in Lexington. Though his life was relatively short, Reed, was part of the foundational generation of Mississippi‚Äôs legal and political elite and contributed to shaping the state during its transition from territory to statehood.
-//Source: Journey Through The Piney Woods, PDF pp. 119‚Äì120.//
-===== Thomas Rodney =====
-//Manuscript heading: Judge Thomas Rodney//
-  * **Born:** June 4, 1744, Dover Kent Co DE
-  * **Died:** January 2,1811, Natchez, Adams Co, MS
-  * **Buried:** City Cemetery, Natchez, MS
-Judge Thomas Rodney was a prominent jurist, politician, and early federal official in the Mississippi Territory. He played a vital role in establishing American law and order in the region during its formative years.
-Thomas Rodney was born on June 4, 1744, in Dover, Kent County, Delaware. He was the younger brother of Caesar Rodney a signer of the Declaration of Independence.
-Rodney received a classical education and was deeply involved in public service from an early age. In Delaware, he served in several public offices, including as a member of the state legislature and as an associate judge of the Delaware Supreme Court.
-A strong supporter of the American Revolution and the Jeffersonian Republican cause, Rodney 's political loyalty and judicial experience led President Thomas Jefferson to appoint him to a key position in the expanding American frontier. In 1803, he was named a federal judge for the Mississippi Territory, a region that had only recently come under firm U.S. control following complex disputes with Spain and Native American nations.
-As a territorial judge, Rodney was a central figure in organizing a functioning legal system for settlers in what would later become the state of Mississippi. He presided over both civil and criminal cases in the vast and sparsely populated territory. He was known for his correspondence, which offers valuable firsthand accounts of life and governance in early Mississippi, including interactions with figures such as Governor William C. C. Claiborne and others involved in the Aaron Burr conspiracy.
-Judge Rodney resided in Natchez, then the political and judicial hub of the territory. He served until his death on January 2, 1811. He was buried at the Natchez City Cemetery in Natchez, Adams County., Mississippi. His contributions to the legal and political development of the Mississippi Territory are considered foundational and are remembered as part of the region‚Äôs early American judicial legacy.
-FROM: Early life of [[#george_poindexter|George Poindexter]]. On 20 November 1807 Judge Rodney wrote to Poindexter
-I need not inform you that the people of this Territory Wish the Chachtaw Treaty May be Confirmed ot Ratified. That the Floridas May be Obtained; and That the British May be Wise Enough Not to force The U.S.into War with them..    .
-Three months later he wrote again expressing hope that the
-government would be firm and the people patriotic even though5
-The Embargo Acts here like an Anadine; all the Stew and bustle about Cotton has Ceased - The Embargo will be greatly felt here, Yet the.
-During the British Embargo leading up to the war of 1812
-Judge Rodney himself an old Revolutionary officer, wrote Poindexter 3 February 1808 It is presumed if War Takes place That one of
-the Earliest British Expeditions Will be To Take the Floridas and New Orleans, - If they Succeed in this They will no doubt Excite the Indians To Take up the Hatchet against us. . . .
-//Source: Journey Through The Piney Woods, PDF pp. 121‚Äì123.//
-===== H G Runnells =====
-//Manuscript heading: General H.G. Runnells//
-  * **Born:** December 15, 1796, Hancock Co, GA
-  * **Died:** December 17, 1857, near Bowie, TX
-  * **Buried:** Glenwood Cemetery, Houston TX
-Hiram George Runnels was born on December 15, 1796, in Hancock County, Georgia. He emerged as a significant political and financial figure in the antebellum American South, especially in Mississippi and later in Texas. Runnels moved to Mississippi in the early 19th century, settling in the eastern part of the state where he became active in local commerce and public affairs.
-By the 1820s, Runnels had established himself in state government and served as Treasurer of Mississippi from 1822 to 1830. During this time, he became involved with various banking interests, advocating for policies that would promote internal improvements and financial expansion in the developing state.
-In 1833, he was elected the ninth Governor of Mississippi as a Democrat, defeating incumbent Abram M. Scott. His gubernatorial term from 1833 to 1835 was marked by efforts to stabilize the state‚Äôs financial system, particularly through his support of the controversial Mississippi Union Bank. He was also a proponent of Indian removal, supporting the enforcement of the Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek which resulted in the displacement of the Choctaw people from their lands in Mississippi. His administration emphasized infrastructural development and economic
-modernization, though his policies also attracted strong opposition. In 1835, he was defeated in a bid for reelection by [[#charles_lynch|Charles Lynch]], signaling a populist turn in Mississippi politics.
-Following his defeat, Runnels gradually withdrew from Mississippi political life and migrated to the Republic of Texas in the 1840s. Settling in eastern Texas, he became a planter and continued to exert influence as a legislator. He served in the Texas House of Representatives, representing Bowie County during the state‚Äôs formative years following annexation to the United States. His role in Texas politics reflected a continuity of his earlier interests in banking, land development, and the institutional stability of frontier regions.
-Although often referred to as ‚ÄúGeneral‚Äù H.G. Runnels, this title was likely honorary and indicative of his social standing rather than formal high-ranking military service. Such titles were commonly used in the Southern states for men of political prominence or militia leadership.
-Runnels died on December 17, 1857, near Bowie, Texas. He was buried at Glenwood Cemetery in Houston, a cemetery noted for its interment of many prominent Texans. His legacy was further cemented by his nephew, Hardin Richard Runnels, who served as Governor of Texas from 1857 to 1859. Runnels County, Texas, was named in honor of the Runnels family, reflecting their lasting imprint on the early political landscape of the state
-//Source: Journey Through The Piney Woods, PDF pp. 125‚Äì126.//
-===== John Shaw =====
-//Manuscript heading: Commissioner Shaw//
-  * **Born:** 1773, Mountmellick, Ireland
-  * **Died:** September 17, 1823, Philadelphia PA
-Captain John Shaw a United States Navy Officer was the son and grandson of British Officers. Born in Ireland he migrated to Philadelphia at 17 with his brother in 1790. In 1798 he was appointed a lieutenant in 1798 in the new U.S. Navy. In 1806 he was appointed to build and command a gunboat flotilla to patrol the Gulf Of America.. He was in New Orleans when he learned of the Burr conspiracy. He wrangled 61 guns, 448 US Military men and two ketches to Natchez to stop whatever Burr was supposedly going to do. He later testified at the Burr trial in Richmond.
-//Source: Journey Through The Piney Woods, PDF p. 127.//
-===== William B Shields =====
-//Manuscript heading: Judge William B. Shields//
-  * **Born:** 1780, Maryland
-  * **Died:** 1823, Philadelphia, PA
-  * **Buried:** Probably in Adams Co. MS
-William Bayard Shields was born in 1780 in Maryland and became a significant figure in the early legal and political development of Mississippi. Trained in law through the traditional practice of reading law, he was admitted to the bar in Virginia before moving to the Mississippi Territory. There, he quickly gained recognition for his legal acumen and played a key role in shaping the region's legal institutions.
-In the Mississippi Territory, Shields served as Attorney General around 1809, during a period when the legal structure of the area was still taking form. His performance in this role and his broader involvement in territorial governance elevated his standing among legal and political peers.
-In 1817, as Mississippi prepared for statehood, Shields served as a delegate to the Mississippi Constitutional Convention. His participation in drafting the state's first constitution was pivotal, helping to lay the foundations of Mississippi's state government and legal system.
-That same year, he was elected by the Mississippi Legislature to serve as one of the new state's first United States Senators. However, Shields declined to take the office, either due to ill health or a preference for remaining in state judicial service. Instead, he
-accepted an appointment to the Mississippi Supreme Court, where he served from 1817 until his death in 1823. As one of the first justices of the state's highest court, he was instrumental in establishing legal precedents and contributing to the development of jurisprudence in Mississippi.
-Shields died in 1823 at the age of forty-three, likely in Natchez, Adams County., Mississippi. He is believed to have been buried there, though precise details of his burial site are uncertain. Despite his relatively short life, William B. Shields is remembered as a thoughtful jurist and legal pioneer during the foundational years of Mississippi's transition from territory to statehood.
-//Source: Journey Through The Piney Woods, PDF pp. 129‚Äì130.//
-===== Mrs James Smith =====
-//Manuscript heading: Mrs James Smith//
-  * **Born:** 1825, VA
-  * **Died:** January 4, 1900,Adams Co., MS
-  * **Buried:** Natchez City Cemetery, Natchez, MS
-Claiborne seems to have the wrong name. The home of [[#benjamin_osmun|Benjamin Osmun]] where Burr stayed was at the time of his trip owned by Robert Stanton and his wife Jane Relfe Chapline Stanton. They renamed the estate Windy Acres Manor He died after along with three of their children during a yellow fever epidemic. She remarried to his brother Frederick Stanton and had 5 more children.
-Later the estate went Southern Gothic with three of their daughters living in the home in genteel poverty. The home had completely decade by 1964 when bulldozers wiped Windy Acres away.
-//Source: Journey Through The Piney Woods, PDF p. 131.//
-===== Mr Snider =====
-  * **Born:** Unknown
-  * **Died:** Unknown
-  * **Buried:** Unknown
-Upon word of the approach of Aarron Burr to the Mississippi territory acting Gov Mead authorized by letter a Mr. Snider to allocate 30 men rations for one week His title "Mr." rather than "Captain" or "Lieutenant" suggests he was not a U.S. Army officer but perhaps part of the territorial militia.
-But Fort Dearborn is interesting and not to be confused with the better known one guarding the MS and the Great Lakes that was in Illinois.
-==== Fort Dearborn in Mississippi Territory ====
-=== Introduction ===
-Fort Dearborn, located in the Mississippi Territory in the early 1800s, was a modest and short-lived U.S. military installation constructed along the Pearl River, in the vicinity of what is now Lawrence or Marion County, Mississippi. While often overshadowed by its more prominent namesake in present-day Chicago, Fort Dearborn in Mississippi played a minor but regionally significant role in the Jefferson administration‚Äôs broader efforts to assert American sovereignty and maintain frontier order during a period of geopolitical instability in the southern United States.
-=== Establishment and Naming ===
-Fort Dearborn in Mississippi was likely established around 1806‚Äì1807, during a time of heightened tension between the United States and Spain, whose territorial claims still included nearby West Florida. The fort was named in honor of Henry Dearborn, then U.S. Secretary of War under President Thomas Jefferson. This naming convention was common in the early republic, where military outposts were frequently christened with the names of prominent political or military figures.
-=== Strategic Context ===
-At the time of its construction, the Mississippi Territory was experiencing rapid demographic and political transformation. U.S. settlers were moving into lands formerly controlled by the Choctaw and Chickasaw nations, and there remained considerable unease regarding Spanish intentions in the Gulf Coast region. Fort Dearborn was established to serve as a forward outpost for the U.S. military, symbolizing federal presence and readiness in a relatively undeveloped portion of the territory.
-The Pearl River valley, with its navigable waterways and timber resources, had become an attractive zone of settlement. The fort‚Äôs location offered a measure of logistical utility, providing support to surveyors, settlers, and officials navigating the inland reaches of the Mississippi Territory. It may also have served as a waypoint for military couriers or a temporary quartering post for troops involved in land treaty enforcement or frontier patrols.
-=== Connection to the Burr Conspiracy ===
-Though documentary evidence is sparse, some local accounts associate Fort Dearborn with events surrounding the Aaron Burr conspiracy in 1807. Burr, former Vice President of the United States, was arrested near the Tombigbee River and brought under military custody amid accusations of plotting to foment rebellion in the western territories. Fort Dearborn, being situated in a region of heightened federal vigilance, may have served as an observation or communication point during this crisis, although no conclusive records place Burr himself at the fort.
-=== Construction and Garrison ===
-No architectural plans or detailed logs of the fort‚Äôs construction have survived. However, given the standards of frontier military engineering in the Jeffersonian era, it is reasonable to assume that Fort Dearborn was composed of simple wooden structures, possibly a blockhouse, stockade, and a few support buildings such as a storehouse or barracks. Its garrison would have consisted of a small detachment of infantry or militia, likely under the command of a junior officer or local territorial authority.
-=== Decline and Obsolescence ===
-By the mid-1810s, Fort Dearborn had lost its strategic value. As the U.S. consolidated its control over the Mississippi Territory and negotiated a series of treaties with Native nations (notably the Treaty of Mount Dexter in 1805 and the Treaty of Doak‚Äôs
-Stand in 1820), the need for scattered frontier outposts diminished. Dearborn appears to have been abandoned or dismantled within a decade of its establishment. The settlement of Monticello, founded nearby in 1812 and later designated the county seat of Lawrence County, quickly absorbed the area‚Äôs administrative and commercial functions.
-=== Legacy ===
-Today, the precise location of Fort Dearborn in Mississippi remains uncertain, and it is not marked by a standing structure or formal archaeological site. Nonetheless, it represents a microcosm of the early Republic‚Äôs frontier defense strategy‚Äî one characterized by small, temporary forts aimed more at symbolic assertion of federal authority than at long-term occupation or large-scale military deployment. Fort Dearborn reflects the ephemeral yet essential nature of such posts in shaping the American territorial frontier during the first decades of the 19th century.
-=== References ===
-  * Rowland, Dunbar. Mississippi: Comprising Sketches of Counties, Towns, Events, Institutions, and Persons. Southern Historical Publishing Association, 1907.
-  * Claiborne, J.F.H. Mississippi as a Province, Territory, and State. Power & Barksdale, 1880.
-  * U.S. War Department Correspondence, 1806‚Äì1808 (National Archives, selected microfilm records)
-  * Niles, Hezekiah. Niles‚Äô Weekly Register, various issues from 1807‚Äì1812
-  * Holmes, Jack D.L. Spanish and American Rivalry in the Gulf Coast Frontier, 1763‚Äì1819. University of Alabama Press, 1965.
-//Source: Journey Through The Piney Woods, PDF pp. 132‚Äì136.//
-===== Thomas Spalding =====
-//Manuscript heading: Thomas Spaulding//
-  * **Born:** March, 1774 St. Simons Island, GA
-  * **Died:** January, 1851 Darien, GA
-  * **Buried:** Darlen, GA
-Thomas Spalding was a prominent Georgia planter, agricultural innovator, and public servant whose career spanned the early national and antebellum periods of the American South. Born on March 25 or 26, 1774, on St. Simons Island, Georgia, he was the son of James Spalding, a Scottish immigrant and British official, and Margery McIntosh, of a notable Georgia family. His early education was undertaken in Georgia and at the University of Georgia, although he did not complete a degree.
-Spalding was admitted to the Georgia bar in 1795 but soon turned to public service and agriculture. He served in the Georgia House of Representatives (1794‚Äì95), the Georgia Senate, and represented Georgia in the Ninth United States Congress from 1805 to 1806. Disenchanted with federal politics, he declined renomination and returned to Georgia, where he focused his efforts on land acquisition and agricultural development.
-In 1802, Spalding purchased land on Sapelo Island and eventually came to own nearly the entire island, which comprised approximately 16,500 acres. There, he became a leading planter of Sea Island cotton and introduced the successful cultivation of sugarcane to coastal Georgia. He constructed one of the earliest sugar mills in the state using tabby concrete‚Äîa mixture of lime, sand, and oyster shells. Spalding advocated agricultural diversification and was an active contributor to journals such as the
-Southern Agriculturist. His writings promoted scientific farming, crop rotation, and soil conservation.
-Spalding employed a modified version of the task labor system and uniquely delegated management responsibilities to skilled enslaved Africans, most notably Bilali Mohammed, a devout Muslim from West Africa. Bilali served as head overseer and left behind a significant manuscript known as the Bilali Document, a rare example of Islamic legal writing in the antebellum South.
-Although Spalding was a slaveholder who relied heavily on enslaved labor‚Äîreportedly owning close to 400 individuals‚Äîhe expressed ambivalence about the morality of slavery in his later writings. Nevertheless, he remained committed to the plantation economy and was a defender of Southern interests.
-Spalding was instrumental in the founding of the Bank of Darien and served as its long-time president. He was also appointed a commissioner by President James Monroe to settle claims arising from the War of 1812 and later served as a surveyor of the Georgia- Florida boundary. In 1850, he presided over the Georgia state convention that supported the Compromise of 1850, helping to stave off immediate secessionist pressures.
-Spalding died on January 4, 1851, at his home near Darien, Georgia. His legacy is preserved in Spalding County, Georgia, named in his honor.
-//Source: Journey Through The Piney Woods, PDF pp. 137‚Äì138.//
-===== Thomas S Sterling =====
-//Manuscript heading: Judge Sterling//
-  * **Born:** Unknown
-  * **Died:** Unknown
-  * **Buried:** Unknown
-Thomas S. Sterling was an early judicial figure in Mississippi‚Äôs Piney Woods region, serving as a local judge in Wayne County during the formative years of the Mississippi Territory and the early statehood period. Though not widely known in state-level political or judicial circles, Sterling was a respected legal authority whose public service reflected the essential civic infrastructure of frontier Mississippi.
-Sterling is first reliably recorded in the Mississippi Territorial period, active by at least 1807, the year of the Burr conspiracy, when he appears in official correspondence as a local magistrate. A letter from Governor [[#cowles_mead|Cowles Mead]], written during the government‚Äôs response to the potential unrest surrounding Aaron Burr‚Äôs arrest, references Judge Sterling as a trusted figure in Wayne County, responsible for assisting in the maintenance of public order and provisioning militia troops. This situates Sterling among a small but important class of rural judges who helped stabilize civil government in the sparsely populated frontier districts of southeastern Mississippi.
-His exact judicial position is not clearly defined in surviving state-level documents, but contextual evidence suggests that he served in the County Court of Pleas and Quarter Sessions or as a probate judge or justice of the peace, offices that carried broad responsibilities. Such judges were tasked with adjudicating land disputes, minor civil and criminal cases, estate settlements, and
-militia administration. In frontier regions like Wayne County, they were often the highest legal authority available and were selected for their reputation, literacy, and standing among the settlers.
-Sterling was likely born in the late 18th century, possibly in one of the eastern states, before migrating into the Mississippi Territory as part of the westward movement of settlers seeking land after the Creek cessions. His surname appears in land records and court proceedings in Wayne County and surrounding areas by the 1810s, suggesting that he was a landholder and property owner, and perhaps a slaveholder, as was typical of prominent men in that time and place.
-Little is known about Sterling‚Äôs personal life, including his exact birth and death dates or place of burial. His contributions, however, are preserved in early administrative records and letters that reflect his standing as a stabilizing figure in a volatile and often lawless borderland. He is emblematic of the class of county judges and local magistrates who helped carry the rule of law into the Piney Woods frontier during Mississippi‚Äôs transition from territory to statehood.
-Although overshadowed by more prominent territorial leaders, Judge Thomas S. Sterling‚Äôs name endures in archival traces that underscore the crucial, if modest, role played by local legal officials in the governance and development of early Mississippi.
-]
-//Source: Journey Through The Piney Woods, PDF pp. 139‚Äì140.//
-===== Richard Stockton =====
-//Manuscript heading: R. Stockton//
-  * **Born:** 1792, New Jersey
-  * **Died:** 1827, New Orleans, LA
-  * **Buried:** Unknown
-Richard Stockton mention as one of the outstanding members of the Natchez bar was the grandson of Richard Stockton (1730-1828) a signer of the Declaration of Independence. His great-grandfather was John Stockton(1701-1758) a wealthily landowner who donated land to bring the College of New Jersey, now Princeton University, from its original location in Newark to Princton.
-The New Jersey native studied law taking top honors at Princeton, University. and emigrated to the southwestern town of Natchez, Mississippi to seek fame and fortune.
-He was described as a brilliant but high-strung lawyer and was on the Mississippi Supreme Court before turning 31. He resigned from the court in 1825 after a dispute ‚Äúover where the high court had the power to declare a war unconstitutional‚Äù. In the same year he became attorney general.
-Two years later while vacationing at Stovall Springs near Columbis. Stockton had a disagreement with a New Orleans merchant a Mr. Payson during a formal dinner at the inn. Both men drew pistols, but a bystander defused the situation The disagreement continued, and they decided to meet in New Orleans to settle the matter with a duel. Stockton was hit in the head and killed by the shot of Mr. Payson. Stockton left a note in his pocket which stated that he felt his "own conduct had been rash and wrong from the beginning" and it was his intention upon surviving the first fire to acknowledge his error and make amends with Payson. The account was published in a New Orleans paper on February 4,
-. In the article it described Payson as a ‚ÄúBostonian‚Äù. By 1830 Payson had accidently drowned in the Mississippi River.
-Mr. Stovall
-Born: 1773 Granville County, NC Death: 1832 Cheraw, Marion County, MS Burial: Details unknown but in Marion Co., MS
-Charles Stovall moved from NC early in the 19th century and built a famous hotel and resort Stovall Springs near Columbia, MS. It became the most famous health retreat in Mississippi during the early 1800‚Äôs. After the battle of New Orleans , Andrew Jackson sent some of his sick and injured met there to recover. The resort attracted influential planters, politicians, merchants from the region including New Orleans and Natchez. The hotel peaked in 1821 when the Inn served as the capital of Mississippi during the 5th legislative session. In this session LeFleur‚Äôs Bluff in the center of the state renamed Jackson was selected to become the site of the permeant state capital.
-The springs were presented as medicinal mineral waters. Stovall actively marketed them in newspapers, touting their diuretic, tonic, and aperient properties, and offering accommodations starting as low as $1/day in an 1826 advertisement.
-The demise of the Inn was brought on by two deadly duels that while took place elsewhere were started there among the guest. One was the Stockton-Payson duel . (see the bio of R. Stockton) The
-second happened almost at the same time after an argument at the Inn was known as the Ross and Gibbs duel. One a planter and the other a Jefferson County attorney, fought a duel in 1826 near Grand Gulf, Mississippi, on the west bank of the river.Both parties selected muskets for their weapons, and at first fire, both men fell mortally wounded. One man died after only a few hours while the other lingered for months. Richard Stockton was even present at this duel in the capacity of a surgeon.
-While the duels were fought at the Inn they tarnished its reputation. It also probably made people question the quality of the water. One source state the hotel closed immediately after the duels and never reopened. The ruins of the once famous resort were still standing in 1891 according to one writer at the time but soon all the buildings were gone.
-For someone who created and operated such a famous resort not much is known about Charles Stovall.
-//Source: Journey Through The Piney Woods, PDF pp. 141‚Äì143.//
-===== Daniel Sumrall =====
-//Manuscript heading: Mr. Sumrall//
-  * **Born:** 1775 SC or GA
-  * **Died:** 1859 Perry Co. MS
-  * **Buried:** Unknown
-Daniel Sumrall was among the first Anglo-American settlers in the Piney Woods region of southern Mississippi, arriving in the early 1800s as the Mississippi Territory opened to migration from the Carolinas and Georgia. Born around 1775, likely in South Carolinaor Georgia, he came from a family of hardy frontiersmen and farmers of Scots-Irish descent.
-By the 1810s, Sumrallhad established himself in what was then Perry County, Mississippi, in a region that would later be subdivided into Marion, Lamar, and Forrest counties. He helped carve homes, fields, and churches out of the thick pine forest that defined the landscape. Like many early settlers, he lived a life of rugged independence‚Äîraising crops, livestock, and a large family that would go on to play a significant role in the development of the region.
-Sumrall‚Äôs descendants became prominent throughout southern Mississippi, and the town of Sumrall, Mississippi, in present-day Lamar County, bears the family name. His legacy is remembered in both the cultural and genealogical memory of the Pine Belt region.
-Daniel Sumrall likely died around 1859 and is believed to be buried in or near the area he helped settle.
-//Source: Journey Through The Piney Woods, PDF p. 144.//
-===== John Taylor =====
-//Manuscript heading: Judge Taylor//
-  * **Born:** abt 1785 West Chester, PA
-  * **Died:** May 1820, Natchez, MS
-  * **Buried:** Unknown
-John Taylor was an early jurist in Mississippi who served on the state‚Äôs highest court during the formative years of its legal system. Born around 1785 in West Chester, Pennsylvania, Taylor was the son of a lawyer and received much of his early legal education by observing courtroom proceedings with his father. At the age of eighteen, he began reading law, and in 1804 he was licensed to practice in Pennsylvania.
-Soon after his admission to the bar, Taylor traveled south by flatboat, eventually arriving in Natchez, Mississippi, in 1805. At that time, Natchez was a prominent legal and political center of the Mississippi Territory. Taylor quickly established himself in the legal community and gained a reputation for his sound legal reasoning and integrity.
-Taylor‚Äôs public career began in earnest when he was elected to the Mississippi Territorial Assembly in 1813. He was an active participant in the region‚Äôs transition from territory to statehood and was a delegate to the Mississippi Constitutional Convention of 1817. His contributions during the convention were significant in shaping the structure of Mississippi‚Äôs early judiciary.
-In January 1818, Governor David Holmes appointed Taylor to the Mississippi High Court of Errors and Appeals, the precursor to the modern Mississippi Supreme Court. He filled the vacancy left
-by Judge Walter Leake. Later that year, the state legislature formally elected him to continue serving in this role. Taylor sat on the court with Judges Powhattan Ellis and [[#edward_turner|Edward Turner]] during a crucial period when the state's legal foundations were being laid.
-Taylor was recognized for his deep commitment to judicial duty, legal scholarship, and moral character. He remained unmarried and devoted most of his time to his work and intellectual pursuits. He was known for maintaining a reserved and studious demeanor, characteristics that endeared him to colleagues and members of the bar.
-Judge John Taylor died in Natchez in May or June of 1820. In recognition of his service and reputation, the court adjourned in mourning for thirty days. On June 13, 1820, the members of the Mississippi bar appeared in court wearing crape as a sign of respect. Taylor‚Äôs relatively short career left a lasting impression on the state‚Äôs early legal development, and he was remembered as one of the most esteemed jurists of Mississippi‚Äôs early years.
-//Source: Journey Through The Piney Woods, PDF pp. 147‚Äì148.//
-===== Thomas Truxtun =====
-//Manuscript heading: Commissioner Truxton//
-  * **Born:** February 17,1755, Long Island, NY
-  * **Died:** May 5, 1822, Philadelphia, PA
-  * **Buried:** Christ Church Cemetery, Philadelphia, PA
-Thomas Truxtun was born on February 17, 1755, in Long Island, New York. Orphaned at an early age, he was sent to sea as a boy and by his mid-teens had become a ship's officer. His early experience as a merchant mariner and privateer during the American Revolutionary War laid the foundation for a distinguished naval career. He would go on to become one of the founding figures of the United States Navy.
-During the American Revolution, Truxtun served as a privateer captain, commanding ships like the Mars and the Independence, where he captured numerous British vessels and built a reputation for bold seamanship. His privateering efforts significantly contributed to disrupting British commerce during the war.
-When the United States Navy was formally established in the 1790s, Truxtun was among the first six captains commissioned by President George Washington in 1794, along with other notable officers like John Barry and Richard Dale.
-He was given command of the USS Constellation, a new frigate that became famous during the Quasi-War (1798‚Äì1800) with France. Truxtun‚Äôs two key victories were:
-  * February 1799: He defeated the French frigate L‚ÄôInsurgente near the West Indies.
-  * February 1800: He engaged the more powerful La Vengeance in a fierce battle, forcing her to retreat.
-These victories established Truxtun as a national hero. Congress awarded him a gold medal for his bravery, and he became a celebrated symbol of American naval independence.
-After falling out with Navy Secretary Benjamin Stoddert over matters of seniority and protocol, Truxtun resigned from the Navy in 1802. He retired to Philadelphia, where he remained a prominent public figure. In 1807, he was called to testify at the treason trial of Aaron Burr, offering critical testimony about Burr‚Äôs private discussions regarding a potential expedition against Spanish Mexico. He testified that Burr described General Wilkinson as ‚Äúthe projector‚Äù of the Conspiracy, telling Truxtun that the scheme was largely Wilkinson‚Äôs idea. Burr reportedly said he ‚Äúwould never have thought of such designs but for the importunities of Wilkinson‚Äù
-In later years, Truxtun served as High Sheriff of Philadelphia and was active in civic affairs. Though no longer in naval service, he remained deeply connected to the maritime community. Truxtun died on May 5, 1822, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He is buried at Christ Church Burial Ground, also the resting place of Benjamin Franklin.
-His legacy is commemorated in various ways:
-  * Several U.S. Navy ships have been named USS Truxtun in his honor.
-  * Towns such as Truxton, New York, and Truxtun, Missouri, bear his name.
-He is remembered as a founding figure of the U.S. Navy, especially for his leadership and decisive victories during the Navy‚Äôs formative years.
-//Source: Journey Through The Piney Woods, PDF pp. 149‚Äì150.//
-===== Edward Turner =====
-  * **Born:** 1778, Fairfax, VA
-  * **Died:** May 23, 1860, The Woodlands near Natchez, MS
-  * **Buried:** Natchez City Cemetery, Natchez, MS
-Edward Turner was born in Virginia in 1778 and became one of the foundational figures in Mississippi‚Äôs early judicial and political history. His career spanned the territorial period, statehood, and the formative years of Mississippi's legal institutions. Turner relocated to Mississippi Territory in the early 1800s, settling in the Natchez area, which at the time was the administrative and political center of the region.
-He played a significant role in the legal organization of the territory. In 1813, he was appointed to compile and publish a digest of territorial laws. The resulting compilation, commonly referred to as "Turner's Code," was published in 1816 and became an essential legal reference for the Mississippi Territory, serving to consolidate scattered statutes into a coherent body of law.
-In 1817, Turner was elected as a delegate to Mississippi's constitutional convention, where he helped frame the state's first constitution in preparation for admission to the Union. Following statehood, Turner held a number of prominent positions. He served in the state legislature, was appointed as Mississippi‚Äôs attorney general from 1820 to 1821, and then became a judge of the criminal court of Adams County..
-His most prominent judicial service began in 1824 when he was appointed as a justice of the Supreme Court of Mississippi. He held
-that position until 1832 and became presiding justice in 1829. His tenure on the bench coincided with a period of significant legal development in Mississippi as it adjusted to full statehood and developed its judiciary. was known for his fair-minded interpretations and emphasis on the consistency of legal principles.
-After leaving the Supreme Court, Turnerserved as chancellor of the Mississippi Chancery Court from 1834 to 1839, a position that dealt primarily with matters of equity, such as disputes over land, estates, and fiduciary responsibilities. He returned to the Mississippi Supreme Court in 1840 and served until 1843, marking nearly two decades of judicial leadership.
-Turner‚Äôs contributions were not limited to the bench. He also supported the development of legal education and was regarded as a mentor to many younger attorneys and judges who shaped Mississippi law in the mid-19th century. He remained active in public life until his later years and died in 1860. He was buried in Natchez, Mississippi, where many of the state's early legal leaders were interred.
-Turner is remembered as a central figure in Mississippi's legal foundation, contributing both to its early statutory structure and the evolution of its judicial system. His legacy includes not only the law books and court opinions that bear his influence but also the precedents that guided Mississippi through its first half-century as a state.
-//Source: Journey Through The Piney Woods, PDF pp. 153‚Äì154.//
-===== Comfort Tyler =====
-  * **Born:** February 22, 1764, Ashford, Windham Co. CN,
-  * **Died:** August 5,1827 Montezuma, Cayuga Co., NY
-  * **Buried:** Oakwood Cemetery, Syracuse, Onondaga, Co. NY
-Comfort Tyler was born in the town of Ashford, Connecticut in 1764. Comfort joined the military at age 14 serving at West Point
-Developing a desire to become a land developer in the new country, Tyler taught school in Caughnawaga, NY while learning to become a land surveyor. In 1783 while at Caughnawaga he met General James Clinton who engaged him to help his party that was establishing the boundary line between New-York and Pennsylvania.
-Soon afterwards Tyler joined the "Livingston Lessee Company". This company was trying to lease land from the Iroquois for terms of 999 years, a move that was against the Constitution of New York State that deemed itself the only party through which land could be deeded.
-At 23, and in the company of Major Asa Danforth, Tyler settled in Onondaga Tyler he first became the clerk for Onondaga, the first Supervisor of the Town of Manlius in 1794, and a member of the Legislature from Onondaga in 1798. Comfort Tyler was also instrumental in getting the Seneca Turnpike Road, and a number of bridges in the area of Cayuga Lake.
-By 1805 he became involved with Aaron Burr and began helping to recruit men and supplies for whatever scheme Burr was up to. He brought his company to Blennerhassett Island the staging
-point for the shenanigans. Now a Captain in the operations he was involved in preparing boats, arms and equipment. In late 1806 Tyler was arrested near Natchez by U.S. authorities. He was tried but wasn‚Äôt convicted.
-After the collapse of Burr‚Äôs plans, Comfort Tyler returned to New York and stayed put. He remained active in local politics and development. He died on August 5,1827 Montezuma, Cayuga Co., NY. His grandson later had his body exhumed from Cayuga County and relocated to Onondaga County. He was reburied at Oakwood Cemetery, Syracuse, NY.
-//Source: Journey Through The Piney Woods, PDF pp. 155‚Äì156.//
-===== Duncan Stephen Walker =====
-//Manuscript heading: D.S. Walker//
-  * **Born:** 1780, Northumberland, Pennsylvania
-  * **Died:** January 1824, Natchez, MS
-  * **Buried:** Unknown Natchez location.
-Duncan Stephen Walker was born in 1780. He was a lawyer who practiced in Natchez, Mississippi, during the early 19th century. He was the son of Jonathan Hoge Walker, a prominent U.S. District Judge, and the brother of [[#robert_j_walker|Robert J. Walker]] who became a U.S. Senator and Secretary of the Treasury. Walker moved to Natchez and established a legal practice there. He died in January 1824 while visiting his father. Duncan Walker is believed to be buried in Natchez, though the exact burial location is not well-documented.
-//Source: Journey Through The Piney Woods, PDF p. 157.//
-===== Robert J Walker =====
-  * **Born:** July 19, 1801. Northumberland, Pennsylvania
-  * **Died:** November 11, 1869, in Washington, D.C.
-  * **Buried:** Oak Hill Cemetery, Washington D.C.
-Robert John Walker was an influential American lawyer, senator, and cabinet officer whose career was deeply connected to the political development of Mississippi and the broader antebellum South. Born on July 19, 1801, in Northumberland, Pennsylvania, he was the son of Jonathan Hoge Walker, a judge of the United States District Court, and a descendant of a prominent Pennsylvania family. He graduated from the University of Pennsylvania in 1819 and was admitted to the bar in 1821.
-In 1826, Walker relocated to Natchez, Mississippi, where he established a thriving law practice. Mississippi in the 1820s was a frontier state experiencing rapid economic growth, especially through cotton production and slave labor. Walker quickly aligned himself with the state's elite planter class and became an active participant in its political life. He was appointed as U.S. District Attorney for Mississippi from 1827 to 1835, gaining both political influence and wealth through his legal and land dealings.
-Walker entered the national political arena when elected as a Democratic U.S. Senator from Mississippi in 1835 defeating [[#george_poindexter|George Poindexter]]. George Poindexter had drifted away from President Andrew Jackson, aligning with John C. Calhoun. In contrast, Robert J. Walker was a strong Jacksonian Democrat who enjoyed support from influential figures like U.S. District Judge George
-Adams and U.S. Marshal William Gwin As a senator, he was a staunch supporter of states' rights and territorial expansion, in line with Jacksonian principles. He strongly advocated for the annexation of Texas and supported the expansion of slavery into new territories, viewing it as essential to Southern economic interests. At the same time, Walker was notable for promoting economic policies such as the Independent Treasury system and the reduction of tariffs.
-In 1845, President James K. Polk appointed Walker as Secretary of the Treasury, a position he held until 1849. During his tenure, Walker was the chief architect of the Walker Tariff of 1846, a significant legislative achievement that substantially reduced tariff rates and marked a shift toward free trade. His economic policies reflected his belief in laissez-faire principles and were influential in shaping U.S. trade policy during the mid-19th century.
-Following his cabinet service, Walker continued to engage in public affairs. In 1857, President James Buchanan appointed him Governor of the Kansas Territory, a role he accepted reluctantly. Although a Southern Democrat, Walker opposed the pro-slavery Lecompton Constitution due to its fraudulent origins. His refusal to support it led to his resignation later that year, earning him criticism from Southern leaders but praise from Northern moderates.
-After the outbreak of the Civil War, Walker remained loyal to the Union. He supported the policies of President Abraham Lincoln and worked to preserve the Union cause, a position that distanced him from many of his former Southern colleagues. He spent his later years in Washington, D.C., where he remained active as a writer and adviser on economic and political issues.
-Walker died on November 11, 1869, in Washington, D.C., and was buried at Oak Hill Cemetery. Though a man of complex views, Walker played a pivotal role in shaping the political and economic landscape of antebellum America. His life reflected the tensions of
-his era‚Äîdevotion to Southern economic interests coupled with occasional moderation on slavery‚Äîand his legacy remains a point of study in the evolution of Democratic Party politics in the 19th century.
-//Source: Journey Through The Piney Woods, PDF pp. 159‚Äì161.//
-===== Reuben Watts =====
-//Manuscript heading: Sheriff Watts//
-  * **Born:** Nov. 24,1784 Camden, Kershaw SC
-  * **Died:** July 28,1870-Covington Co. MS
-  * **Buried:** Unknown
-Reuben Watts served in the U.S. Army during the War of 1812 Under Captain AB L Hatton. He lived in Georgia in 1813 before migrating to Greene County, Mississippi Territory in 1816. In 1820 he was living in Covington County, MS where he became the Sheriff for several years before his death in 1870 at age 85.
-//Source: Journey Through The Piney Woods, PDF p. 163.//
-===== Stephen Hitchcock Wilkes =====
-//Manuscript heading: S. H. Wilkes Esq.//
-  * **Born:** 18 April 1794 Chester County, SC -
-  * **Died:** 7 March 1859 Bassfield (now Jefferson Davis Co) (aged 72)
-  * **Buried:** Wilks Cemetery, Bassfield, Jefferson Davis Co., MS
-Stephen Hitchcock Wilkes, the son of Abner and Martha Crider Wilkes, was born on 18 April 1794 on his family's plantation located approximately eight miles west of Chester, South Carolina. Wilkes and Mary McNeese, married with three children, relocated to Marion County, Mississippi in 1827. Wilkes built a home, store, and mills near Mill Creek, served as Justice of the Peace from 1831 until his death, and was a trustee for 16th section land.
-In 1842, he moved with his family from Marion County to what became Wilkesburg in Covington County, Mississippi (now Jefferson Davis County). He expanded an 1820s hewn-log house into a seven-room, two-story home using carpenters and materials from New Orleans.
-Due to the rapid development of the settlement near the Wilkes store and mill, the United States government established a post office in Mr. Wilkes' store on March 14, 1850, naming it Wilkesburg. Mr. Wilkes was appointed the first Postmaster of Wilkesburg and served in this role until his death.
-//Source: Journey Through The Piney Woods, PDF p. 164.//
-===== James Wilkinson =====
-//Manuscript heading: General James Wilkinson//
-  * **Born:** March 24, 1757
-  * **Died:** December 28, 1826, Mexico City, Mexico
-  * **Buried:** Mexico City, Mexico
-//Editorial note: The heading gives December 28, 1826, as the death date. The narrative gives December 28, 1825.//
-James Wilkinson besides being a pompous traitor on the Spanish payroll was an American soldier, frontier administrator, and political figure whose career spanned critical phases of early United States history, from the Revolutionary War through the Louisiana Purchase and early territorial governance. Controversial in both life and legacy, Wilkinson‚Äôs actions have drawn the scrutiny of historians due to his alleged duplicity, self-interest, and involvement in several political intrigues.
-Born on March 24, 1757, in Calvert County, Maryland, Wilkinson was the son of Joseph Wilkinson, a prosperous tobacco planter. He briefly studied medicine at the University of Pennsylvania but left to join the patriot cause at the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War. He rose quickly in the Continental Army, serving under General Nathanael Greene and later as an aide-de-camp to General Horatio Gates. He played a role in the aftermath of the American victory at Saratoga in 1777 and was later appointed to deliver official news of the victory to Congress.
-Despite his early successes, Wilkinson was criticized for exaggerating his own contributions and was forced to resign his commission in 1778 amid disputes over his integrity and ambition.
-After the war, Wilkinson settled in Kentucky, where he became deeply involved in frontier politics and commercial ventures. He was suspected of conspiring with Spanish authorities to separate Kentucky and other western territories from the United States in exchange for commercial advantages‚Äîa part of what is now referred to as the "Spanish Conspiracy." Documents discovered later confirmed that Wilkinson was a paid agent (Agent 13) of the Spanish government for many years, though he simultaneously held positions of trust within the U.S. government.
-Despite persistent rumors and accusations, Wilkinson managed to reenter the U.S. Army and eventually rose to the rank of General in the 1790s. He served as Senior Officer of the Army from 1796 to 1798 and again from 1800 to 1812, including during the time of the Louisiana Purchase.
-Wilkinson's most controversial involvement was in the Aaron Burr conspiracy of 1806‚Äì1807. As governor of the Louisiana Territory and a military commander, Wilkinson had previously worked closely with Burr. However, when Burr‚Äôs plans to raise a private military force and potentially establish a separate empire in the West became public, Wilkinson turned on his former associate and presented himself as the one who had uncovered and stopped the plot.
-His testimony at Burr's trial was self-serving, and many suspected him of initially supporting the scheme before betraying it to protect his own position. Although he avoided prosecution, his reputation was further tarnished.
-Wilkinson‚Äôs service during the War of 1812 was marked by failure. He commanded American forces during the unsuccessful St. Lawrence campaign in Canada and was later criticized for poor leadership and strategic mistakes. Though a court-martial acquitted him in 1815, his military career was essentially over.
-In his final years, Wilkinson wrote a self-justifying memoir and traveled to Mexico, seeking a land grant. He died in Mexico City on December 28, 1825, and was buried in the city.
-James Wilkinson remains one of the most enigmatic figures in early American history. Historians have debated whether he was simply a self-serving opportunist or an outright traitor. His ability to evade serious punishment despite repeated scandals and confirmed espionage underscores both his skill in political maneuvering and the often-chaotic nature of early American frontier politics.
-//Source: Journey Through The Piney Woods, PDF pp. 165‚Äì166.//
-===== Robert Williams =====
-  * **Born:** July 12,1773 Surry County, North Carolina
-  * **Died:** 1836,Bon Aire Plantation, Monroe, Louisana
-  * **Buried:** Bon Aire on the Ouachita River
-Robert Williams served as the third territorial governor of Mississippi from 1805 to 1809. His tenure occurred during a transformative period in the region‚Äôs development, marked by population growth, tensions over land claims, and political transition as Mississippi moved toward statehood. Later when Mississippi became a state Williams was chosen as one of the first two United States Senators
-Williams was born in North Carolina in 1773 and became active in politics during the early years of the American republic. He was elected as a Democratic-Republican to the United States House of Representatives, serving from 1803 to 1805. While in Congress, he aligned with the Jeffersonian vision of agrarian democracy and limited federal government, principles he would continue to support during his governorship.
-In 1805, President Thomas Jefferson appointed Williams as governor of the Mississippi Territory. His administration dealt with a variety of issues including disputes between settlers and Native American tribes, Spanish encroachments from nearby West Florida, and ongoing legal conflicts over land grants issued during the colonial era. Williams also worked to strengthen the territorial militia and extend civil authority into frontier regions.
-His tenure was not without controversy. Williams faced criticism from political opponents, particularly those aligned with the influential William C. C. Claiborne of Louisiana, and was sometimes accused of partisanship and ineffective administration. He also clashed with the territorial legislature, which was increasingly assertive in seeking local autonomy.
-In 1805 Robert Williams was appointed the acting Territorial Governor replacing the acting governor Cato West a friend of [[#george_poindexter|George Poindexter]] who was the attorney general.
-The Ordinance of 1787, under the provisions of which the Territory was governed, permitted the greatest latitude of powers to the Governor. Williams did not hesitate to use these powers, and the cry of ‚Äútyranny‚Äù was immediately raised. But there are always some who sigh for the flesh-pots. Patronage will always secure friends of a sort the Governor was not without supporters of a kind. Finding most of the members of his own party arrayed in a local faction against him, he turned to the Federalists for aid and comfort. With these were the few Republicans who were willing to accept his appointments, or who could afford to antagonize their erstwhile associates. There thus arose in the political arena a third party, neither Federalistnor Republican, composed of the Governor‚Äôs ‚Äúfriends.‚Äù These were immediately dubbed the ‚ÄúQuids,‚Äù after those who supported Randolph in his break with Jefferson.
-Governor Williams was at his home in North Carolina, enjoying a vacation, Aaron Burr arrival in MS. [[#cowles_mead|Cowles Mead]]. Territorial Secretary was Acting Governor. Mead was a member of Poindexter‚Äôs faction in opposition to his superior.
-Here the comedy was at its best. With little ado Burr peacefully surrendering a grand jury returned a brief bill whitewashing Burr, but indicting Cowles Mead, Governor Williams and the President of the United States! The grand jury of the Mississippi Territory, on a due investigation of the evidence brought before them, are of the opinion that Aaron Burr has not been guilty of any crime or misdemeanor against the laws of the United States or of this Territory, or given any just occasion for alarm or inquietude to the good people of this Territory.
-The grand jury present as a grievance the late military expedition unnecessarily as they conceive, fitted out against the person and property of said Aaron Burr, where no resistance had been made to the ordinary civil authorities.
-The grand jury also present as highly derogatory to the dignity of this Government, the armistice (so called) concluded between the Secretary, acting as Governor, and the said Aaron Burr. The grand jury also present as a grievance, destructive of personal liberty, the late military arrests made without warrant, and as they conceive, without other lawful authority and they do seriously regret that so much cause should be given to the enemies of our glorious Constitution, to rejoice in such measures being adopted in a neighboring Territory, and if sanctioned by the Executive of our country, must sap the vitals of political existence, and crumble this glorious fabric into the dust. This might with justice be called a crack at creation!
-When the Governor returned, however, and took up the case himself, as loyalty to Jefferson demanded that he do, the opposition began to poke fun at the fear that had been aroused by Burr‚Äôs ‚Äúformidable flotilla.‚Äù. When he ordered a series of arbitrary arrests, for which he was later ‚Äúindicted,‚Äù the Poindexter opposition were loud in condemnation. In a huff the Governor then cashiered within the next few months every military officer of the opposition who had participated in the arrest and prosecution.
-The question is, what party ignore really was friendly to Burr? Among the people at large he seems to have been popular, and in this lies possibly the answer. No faction in Mississippi dared to ignore the President‚Äôs wishes in regard to Burr‚Äôs apprehension, but once he had been arrested and turned out to be something of a popular hero a pleasant fellow7 harmless and persecuted ‚Äî no, faction seemed willing to risk popular disapproval by being too hard on him. Williams did in fact obey his chief, but he made amends to the people (or rather tried to) by firing the Poindexter officials who had preceded him in the same course.
-After leaving office in 1809, Williams returned to North Carolina, though he remained interested in western lands. He eventually relocated to Mississippi, where he became involved in plantation agriculture. After his wife died in Washington, MS he moved to a plantation near Monroe, LA in Ouachita Parish he named Bon Aire. He died on January 25, 1836, at Bon Aire. He was buried at Bon Aire, but the exact location isn‚Äôt known.
-Williams's tenure as governor is significant for its role in laying the administrative groundwork for Mississippi's eventual admission as a state in 1817. Though less well-known than some of his contemporaries, his efforts helped stabilize a frontier territory during a complex and often volatile period
-//Source: Journey Through The Piney Woods, PDF pp. 167‚Äì169.//